The Man Who Was Afraid - Maxim Gorky

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Résumé :
Alexei Maximovich Peshkov (28 March [O.S. 16 March] 1868 - 18 June 1936), popularly known as Maxim Gorky, was a Russian writer and political activist. He was nominated five times for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Before his success as an author, he travelled widely across the Russian Empire changing jobs frequently, experiences which would later influence his writing. Gorky's most famous works are a short story collection Sketches and Stories (1899), plays The Philistines (1901), The Lower Depths (1902) and Children of the Sun (1905), a poem The Song of the Stormy Petrel (1901), his autobiographical trilogy My Childhood, In the World, My Universities (1913-1923), and a novel Mother (1906). Gorky himself judged some of these works as failures, and Mother has been frequently criticized (Gorky himself thought of Mother as one of his biggest failures). However, there have been warmer judgements of some less-known post-revolutionary works such as the cycles Fragments from My Diary (1924) and Stories of 1922-1924 (1925), the novels The Artamonov Business (1925) and The Life of Klim Samgin (1925-1936); the latter is considered Gorky's masterpiece and sometimes being viewed by critics as a modernist work. Unlike his pre-revolutionary writings (known for their anti-psychologism), these differ with an ambivalent portrayal of the Russian Revolution and unmodern interest to human psychology (as noted by D. S. Mirsky). He had associations with fellow Russian writers Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov; Gorky would later mention them in his memoirs. Gorky was active in the emerging Marxist communist movement. He publicly opposed the Tsarist regime, and for a time closely associated himself with Lenin and Bogdanov's Bolshevik wing of the party. For a significant part of his life, he was exiled from Russia and later the Soviet Union. In 1932, he returned to the USSR on Joseph Stalin's personal invitation and lived there until his death in June 1936. After his return he was officially declared the founder of Socialist Realism. Despite his official reputation, Gorky's relations with the Soviet regime were rather difficult. Modern scholars consider his ideology of God-Building as distinct from the official Marxism-Leninism, and his work fits uneasily under the Socialist Realist label. His work remains controversial. (wikipedia.org)

Biographie:
Alexei Maximovich Peshkov, better known as Maxim Gorky, was a renowned Russian and Soviet writer and a strong advocate for socialism. Born on March 28, 1868, in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, he became one of the most prominent figures in Russian literature during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Gorky's works often reflected his deep concern for the oppressed and his belief in social justice, which made him a leading figure in the socialist movement. His literary contributions include novels, plays, and short stories that critiqued social inequality and the human condition. Gorky was nominated five times for the Nobel Prize in Literature, a testament to his influence and the impact of his writing. His personal life included a marriage to Yekaterina Peshkova, from 1896 to 1903, though he later separated from her. Maxim Gorky spent his later years in Gorki-10, Russia, where he died on June 18, 1936, at the age of 68. His legacy as a writer and a proponent of socialist ideals continues to be a significant part of Russian literary history....