Explosion Dynamics - Rangwala, Ali S.

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Résumé :

Preface xi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 What Is an Explosion? Types of Explosions Covered in this Book 1

1.1.1 Nuclear Explosions 2

1.1.2 Pressure Vessel Bursts 3

1.1.3 Explosives 3

1.1.4 Closed Vessel Detonation 4

1.1.5 Steam Explosions 6

1.1.6 Closed Vessel Deflagrations 6

1.1.7 Building Deflagrations 8

1.1.8 Vapor Cloud Explosions 9

1.2 Controlling Parameters of a Combustible Gas/Vapor Explosion Hazard 10

1.3 Flame Propagation 12

1.4 Mixture Concentration - Definition of Flammability Limits 23

1.5 Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) and Auto Ignition Temperature (AIT) 25

Exercise Problems 27

Nomenclature 27

Greek Symbols 28

Subscripts 28

Other Notations 29

References 29

2 Synopses of Explosion Incidents 31

2.1 Hydrogen Cylinder Trailer Module Explosion 31

2.2 Nylon Flock Dust Explosion 33

2.3 Flammable Vapor Explosion at Ink and Paint Manufacturing Plant 36

2.4 Jahn Foundry Dust Explosion 40

2.5 Upper Big Branch Coal Mine Explosion 45

Nomenclature 51

Subscripts 51

Other Notations 51

References 52

3 Explosion in a Closed Vessel 55

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 The Movement of a Flame in a Premixed Gas-Air Mixture 57

3.3 Explosion Pressure Rise vs. Time in a Confined Vessel (Theory) 59

3.4 The Closed Vessel as an Experimental Platform for Standard Testing 68

3.5 Influence of Flame Wrinkling, Turbulence, and Dust on Flame Propagation 72

Nomenclature 75

Greek Symbols 75

Subscripts 75

Other Notations 76

References 76

4 Explosion in a Vented Vessel 79

4.1 Introduction: How Does Pressure Develop in a Vented Vessel? 79

4.2 Explosion in a Vented Vessel Neglecting Transient Effects 81

4.3 Pressure Generation in a Vented Vessel with Transient Effects 83

4.4 Flame Instabilities 85

4.5 Flame Front Turbulence and the Concept of Turbulent Burning Velocity ST 86

4.5.1 What Happens with Dust? 88

4.6 Pressures Generated in Vented Vessels - Experiments 89

4.6.1 Influence of Ignition Location 89

4.6.2 Effect of Obstacles 91

4.6.3 Influence of Vent Size and Turbulence with Obstacles 92

4.6.4 Influence of Turbulence with Vented Dust Explosions 94

4.7 Modeling Pressure Generated as a Function of Time in a Vented Vessel 97

4.7.1 Conservation of Mass 98

4.7.2 Expression for mu in Terms of P 99

4.7.3 Expression for mb in Terms of P 99

4.7.4 Expression for mv in Terms of P 100

4.7.5 Conservation of Energy: Expression for Vb in Terms of P 102

4.7.6 Final Equations for the Model 104

4.7.6.1 Calculation of Total Enthalpy of the Gas-Air Mixture 105

4.7.6.2 Burning Velocity 106

4.8 Pressure Developed Outside the Enclosure 113

4.9 Vent Design in Engineering Codes and Standards 115

Nomenclature 121

Greek Symbols 122

Subscripts 122

Superscript 122

Other Notations 122

References 122

5 Accumulation of a Flammable Mixture in an Enclosure 127

5.1 Introduction 127

5.2 Gas Filling in an Enclosure with Forced Ventilation 128

5.3 Gas Filling in an Enclosure with Passive Ventilation 130

5.4 Criteria for Mixture Uniformity 134

5.5 Concentration Buildup in an Enclosure by a Liquid Spill 137

5.5.1 Size of Spill 137

5.5.2 Evaporation of a Flammable Liquid Spill 137

5.6 Concentration Buildup in an Enclosure due to Dust 142

Nomenclature 145

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Biographie:

Bob Zalosh has been a WPI Professor Emeritus of Fire Protection Engineering (FPE) since retiring from his position as FPE Professor in 2006. Professor Zalosh is a member of several National Fire Protection Association Technical Committees responsible for developing and revising consensus fire and explosion protection standards. He has authored several NFPA and Society of Fire Protection Engineering Handbook chapters and numerous journal articles. He serves on the U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen Safety Panel and the Underwriters Laboratories Fire Council. He is the author of a textbook on Industrial Fire Protection Engineering published by John Wiley & Sons.
Professor Zalosh has consulted for various clients on industrial fire and explosion protection issues at manufacturing facilities that handle flammable gases, liquids, and combustible dust and powders. He has also investigated numerous fire and explosion incidents and has served as an expert witness in the litigation arising from those incidents. He has assisted the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in supporting negotiations with companies that have received citations for combustible dust hazard violations and provided pro bono consulting to the Boston Fire Department and the New York City Fire Department on special fire hazards and fire incident investigations.
Before joining the WPI faculty, Dr. Zalosh worked for 15 years at Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC), where he held several positions, including the Manager of the Applied Research Department. While at FMRC, Dr. Zalosh conducted and managed fire and explosion research programs internally funded and funded by contracts with federal agencies, private companies, and trade associations. Several research projects led to advances in fire and explosion protection technology used today in various industrial facilities.
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Sommaire:

Ali S. Rangwala is a Professor in the Department of Fire Protection Engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) (2006 - present). He received his PhD in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from the University of California, San Diego (2006).

Robert G. Zalosh has been a WPI Professor Emeritus of Fire Protection Engineering (FPE) since retiring from his position as FPE Professor in 2006. Before joining the WPI faculty, Dr. Zalosh worked for 15 years at Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC), where he held several positions, including the Manager of the Applied Research Department....