Microbial Physiology - Stevens, Ann M

. .

Résumé :
..

Biographie:
..

Sommaire:

Preface xv

About the Authors xvii

About the Companion Website xviii

Part I: Unity 3

1 Microbial Phylogeny-The Three Domains of Life 5

Introduction 6

The Three Branches of Life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya 6

The 16S/18S rRNA Gene as a Basis for Phylogenetic Comparisons 7

The Modern Molecular Phylogenetic Tree of Life 12

Phylogenetics and Earth History 14

2 Metabolic Unity-Generation of Biosynthetic Precursors 21

Making Connections 22

The Purpose of Central Metabolism 22

The 12 Essential Precursors 23

The Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Pathway/Glycolysis 25

Structure and Energy Exchange of Key Coenzymes 28

Controlling the Direction of Carbon Flow during Glycolysis 29

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) 31

The Entner-Doudoroff (ED) Pathway 33

The Transition Reaction: Carbon Flow into the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle 36

The Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle 37

Anaplerotic Reactions 37

The Branched or Incomplete Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Pathway 41

The Glyoxylate Cycle 41

Reversing Carbon Flow from the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle to the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Pathway 43

3 Cellular Components-What's In a Cell 51

Making Connections 52

Estimating Molecular Concentrations 52

Physiologically Relevant Protein Concentrations 54

Measuring Enzyme Activity: Basic Principles of Enzyme Assays 55

Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 58

Studying the Proteome 59

The Physiological Role and Composition of Cellular RNA 61

The Physiological Role and Composition of Cellular DNA 63

Studying the Genome and the Transcriptome 64

4 Cellular Growth 73

Making Connections 74

Methods to Monitor Bacterial Growth 74

The Phases of Bacterial Growth in Batch Culture 78

Requirements for Microbial Growth 80

Diauxic Growth 80

Exponential Growth Kinetics 81

Chemostats 83

Characteristics of Stationary-Phase Cells 84

Proteins Important for Cell Shape and Cell Division 85

Chromosome Segregation 86

5 Bioenergetics and the Proton Motive Force 95

Making Connections 96

Cellular Mechanisms for ATP Synthesis 96

Chemiosmotic Theory 98

ATP Synthase 99

The Proton Motive Force (PMF) 99

Quantifying the Proton Motive Force 99

Cellular Proton Levels 100

Environmental Impacts on the Proton Motive Force (PMF) 100

Experimentally Measuring the Proton Motive Force (PMF) 101

6 Respiration and Fermentation 107

Making Connections 108

The Basic Components of an Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 108

Electrode/Reduction Potential (E0?) 109

Brief Review of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in Mitochondria 110

Q Cycle of Mitochondria 113

Bacterial Electron Transport Chains (ETCs) 113

Q Loop of Bacteria 115

Electron Donors and Acceptors in Bacteria 115

Fermentation 117

7 Regulation-Posttranslational Control 127

Making Connections 128

Importance of Regulatory Processes 128

Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes 129

Allosteric Regulation of Branched Pathways 131

Covalent Modifications 134

Posttranslational Regulation in the Sugar Phosphotransferase System (PTS) 138

8 Gene Regulation-Transcription Initiation and Posttranscriptional Control 147

Making Connections 148

Transcription Terminology 148

Bacterial Transcription Initiation and Elongation 149

Bacterial Transcription Termination 151

Regulatory cis- and t...