Automated Sample Preparation - Hübschmann, Hans-Joachim

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Résumé :

Foreword xiii

Preface xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 A Perspective on Human Performance 2

References 5

2 The Analytical Process 7

2.1 Laboratory Logistics 7

2.1.1 Analytical Benefits of Instrumental Workflows 9

2.1.1.1 Data Quality 11

2.1.1.2 Turnkey Operation 11

2.1.1.3 Green Analytical Chemistry 11

2.1.1.4 Productivity 12

2.1.2 Standard Operation Procedure 13

2.1.3 Economical Aspects 15

References 16

3 Workflow Concepts 19

3.1 Sample Preparation Workflow Design 19

3.1.1 Transfer of Standard Methods to Automated Workflows 20

3.1.2 Method Translation 21

3.1.2.1 Sketching the Automated Workflow 22

3.1.2.2 Robotic System Configuration 22

3.1.3 Online or Offline Configuration 25

3.2 Instrumental Concepts 25

3.2.1 Workstations 25

3.2.2 Revolving Tray Autosamplers 26

3.2.3 Selective Compliance Articulated Robots 28

3.2.4 Cartesian Robots 28

3.2.5 Multiple Axis Robots 32

3.2.6 Collaborative Robots 33

3.3 Sample Processing 35

3.3.1 Sequential Sample Preparation 35

3.3.2 Prep-ahead Mode 35

3.3.3 Incubation Overlapping 36

3.3.4 Batch Processing 36

3.3.5 Parallel Processing Workflows 38

3.3.6 Sample Identification 38

3.3.6.1 Barcodes 38

3.3.6.2 Radio-Frequency Identification Chips 40

3.4 Tool Change 41

3.4.1 Manual Tool Change 41

3.4.2 Automated Tool Change 42

3.4.3 Tool Identification 44

3.5 Object Transport 46

3.5.1 Magnetic Transport 46

3.5.2 Gripper Transport 48

3.5.3 Needle Transport 50

3.6 Vial Decapping 50

References 52

4 Analytical Aspects 55

4.1 Liquid Handling 55

4.1.1 About Drops and Droplets 55

4.1.2 Syringes 56

4.1.2.1 Precision and Accuracy 57

4.1.2.2 Syringe Needles 58

4.1.2.3 Syringe Needle Point Styles 59

4.1.2.4 Syringe Plunger Types 60

4.1.2.5 Syringe Termination 61

4.1.2.6 Operational Parameters 62

4.1.3 Vial Bottom Sensing 66

4.1.4 Pipetting 67

4.1.4.1 Air Displacement Pipettes 68

4.1.4.2 Positive Displacement Pipets 69

4.1.4.3 Pipetting Modes 69

4.1.4.4 Aspiration 71

4.1.4.5 Dispensing 73

4.1.4.6 Liquid-Level Detection 74

4.1.4.7 Liquid Classes 75

4.1.4.8 Pipet Tips 75

4.1.4.9 Functional Pipet Tips 78

4.1.4.10 Pipet Tip Materials 81

4.1.5 Dilutor/Dispenser Operation 82

4.1.6 Flow Cell Sampling 84

4.2 Solid Materials Handling 85

4.2.1 Workflows with Solid Materials 86

4.2.2 Automated Solids Dosing by Powder Dispensing 86

4.3 Weighing 88

4.4 Extraction 90

4.4.1 Liquid Extraction 91

4.4.2 Pressurized Fluid Extraction 92

4.4.2.1 Solvents and Extraction 93

4.4.2.2 Miniaturization and Automation 94

4.4.2.3 In-Cell Clean-Up 96

4.4.2.4 International Standard Methods 97

4.4.3 Liquid/Liquid Extraction 97

4.4.4 Dispersive Liquid/Liquid Micro-Extraction 100

4.4.4.1 Automated DLLME Workflows 103

4.4.4.2 DLLME for Soil and Urine 103

4.4.4.3 DLLME for Pesticides in Food 104

4.4.4.4 DLLME Hyphenation with LC 104

4.4.5 Sorptive Sample Preparation 104

4.4.5.1 Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction 105

4.4.5.2 SPME Fiber 109

4.4.5.3 SPME Arrow 112

4.4.5.4 Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction with Derivatization 116

4.4.5.5 Direct Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction Mass Spectrometry 119

4.4.5.6 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction 121

4.4.5.7 Thin-Film Micro-Extraction 123

4.5 Cle...

Biographie:

Hans-Joachim H?bschmann graduated as Certified Food Chemist from the Technical University in Berlin, Germany, working on residue analysis of anabolic agents and pesticides in foods. He started his career in diagnostics, medical analytical instruments and application development working for a number of German companies in chromatography, mass spectrometry and in biotechnology. He joined Thermo Fisher Scientific in Bremen, Germany, and held several international positions covering inorganic and isotope ratio mass spectrometry specializing in food safety, forensic and dioxin analysis. In 2015 he established the independent consulting agency HANS Analytical Solutions for the development of automated sample preparation workflows. In his current capacity he is located in Osaka, Japan, as the Vice President Sales of CTC Analytics for the emerging Asia/Pacific region.