The Human Lineage - Fred H Smith

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Résumé :

Foreword xi

Preface to the First Edition xiii

Preface to the Second Edition xvi

Some Notes on Nomenclature xix

About the Companion Website xxi

1 The Fossil Record 1

1.1 The Discovery of the Deep Past 1

Changing Ideas About the Changing Earth 1

Neptune vs. Vulcan 2

A Brief Guide to Sedimentology 3

Dating the Rocks 4

The Succession of Faunas 5

Radiation-Based Dating Techniques 7

Other Dating Techniques 9

Dating Based on the Cycles of the Earth 9

The Problem of Orogeny 11

Continental Drift 11

1.2 A Brief History of Life 12

Life: The First Three Billion Years 12

Multicellular Life 14

The Cambrian Revolution 15

Jaws, Fins, and Feet 16

The Reptilian Revolutions 18

The Two Great Extinctions 20

The Mammals Take Over 21

2 Analyzing Evolution 23

2.1 Darwin and Evolution 23

Parsimony and Pigeons 23

Darwin's Theory 24

Improving on Darwin 27

2.2 The Origin of Species 30

What, if Anything, is a Species? 30

The Speciation Process 31

The Tempo of Speciation 32

Semispecies, Hybrids, and Isolating Mechanisms 33

2.3 Species Concepts and Classification 35

Races, Semispecies, and Taxonomy 35

Other Species Concepts 37

Morphospecies and Chronospecies 39

2.4 Microevolution and Macroevolution 40

Is Evolution Smooth or Jerky? 40

The Neo-Darwinian Synthesis 41

The Politics of Macroevolution 42

2.5 Reconstructing the Tree of Life 42

Phylogenetic Inference 42

Sources of Error in Phylogenetics 44

2.6 Taxonomy and Classification 47

Linnaean Systematics 47

Evolutionary Systematics 47

Phenetics and Cladistics 49

Pros and Cons of Phylogenetic Systematics 49

3 People as Primates 51

3.1 Primates as Mammals 51

The First Mammals 51

Allometry 57

Allometry and Early Mammals 58

Death and Molar Occlusion 59

Allometry, Motherhood, and Milk 60

Respiration and the Palate 60

The Tribosphenic Molar 62

Live Birth and Placentation 64

Jurassic and Cretaceous Mammals 65

3.2 The Order Primates 66

What is a Primate? 66

The Living Strepsirrhines 73

Anthropoid Apomorphies: Ears, Eyes, and Noses 74

Tarsiers 76

Platyrrhines: The New World Anthropoids 77

Cercopithecoids: The Old World Monkeys 78

Hominoids: The Living Apes 79

Pongids and Hominids 81

Bonobos and Chimpanzees 84

Humans vs. Apes: Skulls and Teeth 85

3.3 The Primate Fossil Record 88

Primate Origins: The Crown Group 88

Fossil Primates: The Stem Group 90

Ancestral Traits and Genetic Evidence 91

The First Euprimates 92

Eocene Lemurs and Tarsiers 94

The First Anthropoids 96

Anthropoid Radiations 98

Miocene Catarrhines 99

Ape Origins 103

Cercopithecoids 107

4 The Bipedal Ape 109

4.1 The Discovery of Australopithecus 109

Being Human vs. Becoming Human 109

The Taung Child 109

Australopithecus Grows Up 111

4.2 The Anatomy of Bipedality 115

Upright Posture and the Vertebral Column 115

Bipedality and the Pelvis 116

Bipedal Locomotion: Knees 118

Bipedal Locomotion: The Hip Joint 123

Bipedal Locomotion: Feet 124

4.3 More South African Finds 127

Australopithecus Stands Up 127

The Skull of Australopithecus africanus 128

Australopithecus robustus 129

Man-Apes, Just Plain Apes, or Weird Apes? 133

Postcran...

Biographie:

Foreword xi

Preface to the First Edition xiii

Preface to the Second Edition xvi

Some Notes on Nomenclature xix

About the Companion Website xxi

1 The Fossil Record 1

1.1 The Discovery of the Deep Past 1

Changing Ideas About the Changing Earth 1

Neptune vs. Vulcan 2

A Brief Guide to Sedimentology 3

Dating the Rocks 4

The Succession of Faunas 5

Radiation-Based Dating Techniques 7

Other Dating Techniques 9

Dating Based on the Cycles of the Earth 9

The Problem of Orogeny 11

Continental Drift 11

1.2 A Brief History of Life 12

Life: The First Three Billion Years 12

Multicellular Life 14

The Cambrian Revolution 15

Jaws, Fins, and Feet 16

The Reptilian Revolutions 18

The Two Great Extinctions 20

The Mammals Take Over 21

2 Analyzing Evolution 23

2.1 Darwin and Evolution 23

Parsimony and Pigeons 23

Darwin's Theory 24

Improving on Darwin 27

2.2 The Origin of Species 30

What, if Anything, is a Species? 30

The Speciation Process 31

The Tempo of Speciation 32

Semispecies, Hybrids, and Isolating Mechanisms 33

2.3 Species Concepts and Classification 35

Races, Semispecies, and Taxonomy 35

Other Species Concepts 37

Morphospecies and Chronospecies 39

2.4 Microevolution and Macroevolution 40

Is Evolution Smooth or Jerky? 40

The Neo-Darwinian Synthesis 41

The Politics of Macroevolution 42

2.5 Reconstructing the Tree of Life 42

Phylogenetic Inference 42

Sources of Error in Phylogenetics 44

2.6 Taxonomy and Classification 47

Linnaean Systematics 47

Evolutionary Systematics 47

Phenetics and Cladistics 49

Pros and Cons of Phylogenetic Systematics 49

3 People as Primates 51

3.1 Primates as Mammals 51

The First Mammals 51

Allometry 57

Allometry and Early Mammals 58

Death and Molar Occlusion 59

Allometry, Motherhood, and Milk 60

Respiration and the Palate 60

The Tribosphenic Molar 62

Live Birth and Placentation 64

Jurassic and Cretaceous Mammals 65

3.2 The Order Primates 66

What is a Primate? 66

The Living Strepsirrhines 73

Anthropoid Apomorphies: Ears, Eyes, and Noses 74

Tarsiers 76

Platyrrhines: The New World Anthropoids 77

Cercopithecoids: The Old World Monkeys 78

Hominoids: The Living Apes 79

Pongids and Hominids 81

Bonobos and Chimpanzees 84

Humans vs. Apes: Skulls and Teeth 85

3.3 The Primate Fossil Record 88

Primate Origins: The Crown Group 88

Fossil Primates: The Stem Group 90

Ancestral Traits and Genetic Evidence 91

The First Euprimates 92

Eocene Lemurs and Tarsiers 94

The First Anthropoids 96

Anthropoid Radiations 98

Miocene Catarrhines 99

Ape Origins 103

Cercopithecoids 107

4 The Bipedal Ape 109

4.1 The Discovery of Australopithecus 109

Being Human vs. Becoming Human 109

The Taung Child 109

Australopithecus Grows Up 111

4.2 The Anatomy of Bipedality 115

Upright Posture and the Vertebral Column 115

Bipedality and the Pelvis 116

Bipedal Locomotion: Knees 118

Bipedal Locomotion: The Hip Joint 123

Bipedal Locomotion: Feet 124

4.3 More South African Finds 127

Australopithecus Stands Up 127

The Skull of Australopithecus africanus 128

Australopithecus robustus 129

Man-Apes, Just Plain Apes, or Weird Apes? 133

Postcran...

Sommaire:

Matt Cartmill is Professor of Anthropology at Boston University and Professor Emeritus of Evolutionary Anthropology at Duke University. Dr Cartmill is a Guggenheim and AAAS Fellow, a former president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists and recipient of their Charles Darwin Lifetime Achievement Award, a founding co-editor of the International Journal of Primatology, and the former editor-in-chief of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

Fred H. Smith is University Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Illinois State University and Adjunct Professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder. A past president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists and an AAAS and Alexander von Humboldt Fellow, he has received awards for his work from the U.S., Ireland, Germany and Croatia. Dr. Smith has conducted research in Europe, West Asia, and Africa, and has taught internationally at the Universities of Hamburg, T?bingen and Zagreb.