Pipe Flow - Donald C Rennels

Sommaire:

Preface to the First Edition xix

Preface to the Second Edition xxi

Nomenclature xxiii

Part I Methodology 1

1 Fundamentals 3

1.1 System of Units 3

1.2 Fluid Properties 4

1.2.1 Pressure 4

1.2.2 Temperature 5

1.2.3 Density 6

1.2.4 Viscosity 6

1.2.5 Energy 7

1.2.6 Heat 7

1.3 Velocity 8

1.4 Important Dimensionless Ratios 8

1.4.1 Reynolds Number 8

1.4.2 Relative Roughness 9

1.4.3 Loss Coefficient 9

1.4.4 Mach Number 9

1.4.5 Froude Number 9

1.4.6 Reduced Pressure 10

1.4.7 Reduced Temperature 10

1.4.8 Ratio of Specific Heats 10

1.5 Equations of State 10

1.5.1 Equation of State of Liquids 10

1.5.2 Equation of State of Gases 11

1.5.3 Two-Phase Mixtures 11

1.6 Flow Regimes 12

1.7 Similarity 12

1.7.1 The Principle of Similarity 12

1.7.2 Limitations 13

References 13

Further Reading 13

2 Conservation Equations 15

2.1 Conservation of Mass 15

2.2 Conservation of Momentum 15

2.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor 17

2.4 Conservation of Energy 18

2.4.1 Potential Energy 18

2.4.2 Pressure Energy 19

2.4.3 Kinetic Energy 19

2.4.4 Heat Energy 19

2.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy 20

2.5 General Energy Equation 20

2.6 Head Loss 21

2.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor 21

2.8 Conventional Head Loss 22

2.9 Grade Lines 23

References 23

Further Reading 23

3 Incompressible Flow 25

3.1 Conventional Head Loss 25

3.2 Sources of Head Loss 26

3.2.1 Surface Friction Loss 26

3.2.1.1 Laminar Flow 26

3.2.1.2 Turbulent Flow 26

3.2.1.3 Reynolds Number 27

3.2.1.4 Friction Factor 27

3.2.2 Induced Turbulence 29

3.2.3 Summing Loss Coefficients 31

References 31

Further Reading 32

4 Compressible Flow 33

4.1 Introduction 33

4.2 Problem Solution Methods 34

4.3 Approximate Compressible Flow using Incompressible Flow Equations 34

4.3.1 Using Inlet or Outlet Properties 35

4.3.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet Properties 35

4.3.2.1 Simple Average Properties 35

4.3.2.2 Comprehensive Average Properties 36

4.3.3 Using Expansion Factors 37

4.4 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equations 39

4.4.1 Shapiro's Adiabatic Flow Equation 39

4.4.1.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 39

4.4.1.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 41

4.4.1.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 41

4.4.1.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 42

4.4.2 Turton's Adiabatic Flow Equation 42

4.4.3 Binder's Adiabatic Flow Equation 43

4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 43

4.6 Isentropic Flow: Treating Changes in Flow Area 44

4.7 Pressure Drop in Valves 45

4.8 Two-Phase Flow 45

4.9 Example Problems: Adiabatic Flow with Friction using Guess Work 45

4.9.1 Solve for p₂ and t₂ ? K, p₁ , t₁ , and ? are Known 46

4.9.1.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 46

4.9.1.2 Solve Using Shapiro's Equation 47

4.9.1.3 Solve Using Binder's Equation 47

4.9.1.4 Solve Using Turton's Equation 47

4.9.2 Solve for ? and t₂ ? K, p₁ , t₁ , and p₂ are Known 48

4.9.2.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 48

4.9.2.2 Solve Using Shapiro's Equation 48

4.9.2.3 Solve...