Applied Medical Statistics - Jingmei Jiang

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Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xv

About the Companion Website xvii

1 What is Biostatistics 1

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 Some Statistical Terminology 2

1.3 Workflow of Applied Statistics 6

1.4 Statistics and Its Related Disciplines 6

1.5 Statistical Thinking 7

1.6 Summary 7

1.7 Exercises 8

2 Descriptive Statistics 11

2.1 Frequency Tables and Graphs 12

2.2 Descriptive Statistics of Numerical Data 17

2.3 Descriptive Statistics of Categorical Data 31

2.4 Constructing Statistical Tables and Graphs 38

2.5 Summary 47

2.6 Exercises 48

3 Fundamentals of Probability 53

3.1 Sample Space and Random Events 54

3.2 Relative Frequency and Probability 58

3.3 Conditional Probability and Independence of Events 60

3.4 Multiplication Law of Probability 61

3.5 Addition Law of Probability 62

3.6 Total Probability Formula and Bayes' Rule 63

3.7 Summary 65

3.8 Exercises 65

4 Discrete Random Variable 69

4.1 Concept of the Random Variable 69

4.2 Probability Distribution of the Discrete Random Variable 70

4.3 Numerical Characteristics 73

4.4 Commonly Used Discrete Probability Distributions 75

4.5 Summary 87

4.6 Exercises 87

5 Continuous Random Variable 91

5.1 Concept of Continuous Random Variable 92

5.2 Numerical Characteristics 93

5.3 Normal Distribution 94

5.4 Application of the Normal Distribution 102

5.5 Summary 109

5.6 Exercises 110

6 Sampling Distribution and Parameter Estimation 113

6.1 Samples and Statistics 114

6.2 Sampling Distribution of a Statistic 114

6.3 Estimation of One Population Parameter 124

6.4 Estimation of Two Population Parameters 132

6.5 Summary 141

6.6 Exercises 141

7 Hypothesis Testing for One Parameter 145

7.1 Overview 145

7.2 Hypothesis Testing for One Parameter 155

7.3 Further Considerations on Hypothesis Testing 164?

7.4 Summary 165

7.5 Exercises 166

8 Hypothesis Testing for Two Population Parameters 169

8.1 Testing the Difference Between Two Population Means: Paired Samples 170

8.2 Testing the Difference Between Two Population Means: Independent Samples 173

8.3 Testing the Difference Between Two Population Rates (Normal Approximation Method) 185

8.4 Summary 188

8.5 Exercises 189

9 One-way Analysis of Variance 193

9.1 Overview 193

9.2 Procedures of ANOVA 196

9.3 Multiple Comparisons of Means 204

9.4 Checking ANOVA Assumptions 211

9.5 Data Transformations 217

9.6 Summary 218

9.7 Exercises 218

10 Analysis of Variance in Different Experimental Designs 221

10.1 ANOVA for Randomized Block Design 221

10.2 ANOVA for Two-factor Factorial Design 229

10.3 ANOVA for Repeated Measures Design 240

10.4 ANOVA for 2 ? 2 Crossover Design 251

10.5 Summary 256

10.6 Exercises 257

11 ?2 Test 261

11.1 Contingency Table 262

11.2 ?2Test for a 2 ? 2 Contingency Table 266

11.3 ?2 Test for R ? C Contingency Tables 276

11.4 ?2 Goodness-of-Fit Test 280

11.5 Summary 284

11.6 Exercises 285

12 Nonparametric Tests Based on Rank 289

12.1 Concept of Order Statistics 289

12.2 Wilcoxon's Signed-Rank Test for Paired Samples 290

12.3 Wilcoxon's Rank-Sum Test for Two Independent Samples 295

12.4 Kruskal-...