Teaching for Understanding with Technology - Wiske, Martha Stone

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Sommaire:

Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Contributing authors xvii

1 Reproductive competition and its impact on the evolution and ecology of dung beetles 1
Leigh W. Simmons and T. James Ridsdill-Smith

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Competition for mates and the evolution of morphological diversity 2
1.3 Competition for resources and the evolution of breeding strategies 9
1.4 Ecological consequences of intraspecific and interspecific competition 14
1.5 Conservation 19
1.6 Concluding remarks 20

2 The evolutionary history and diversification of dung beetles 21
T. Keith Philips

2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Scarabaeinae diversity and tribal classification issues 22
2.3 Scarabaeine dung beetle phylogenies 27
2.4 The sister clade to the Scarabaeinae 31
2.5 The origin of the dung beetles 33
2.6 The oldest lineages and their geographical origin 34
2.7 Evolution of activity period 36
2.8 Evolution of feeding habits 36
2.9 Evolution of derived alternative lifestyles 37
2.10 Evolution of nidification: dung manipulation strategies 40
2.11 Evolution of nidification: nesting behaviour and subsocial care 42
2.12 Conclusions 44
2.13 Future work/gaps in knowledge 45

3 Male contest competition and the evolution of weapons 47
Robert Knell

3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Dung beetle horns as weapons 49
3.3 Functional morphology of horns 50
3.4 Horns as predictors of victory 53
3.5 Are beetle horns simply tools? 55
3.6 The evolution of horns: rollers vs. tunnellers 56
3.7 The evolution of horns: population density 59
3.8 The evolution of horns: sex ratio 63
3.9 Future work 64

4 Sexual selection after mating: the evolutionary consequences of sperm competition and cryptic female choice in onthophagines 66
Leigh W. Simmons

4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 Sperm competition theory 68
4.3 Evolution of ejaculate expenditure in the genus Onthophagus 71
4.4 Evolutionary consequences of variation in ejaculate expenditure 72
4.5 Theoretical models of female choice 75
4.6 Quantitative genetics of ejaculate traits 76
4.7 Empirical evidence for adaptive cryptic female choice in Onthophagus taurus 78
4.8 Conclusions and future directions 83
4.9 Dedication and acknowledgement 86

5 Olfactory ecology 87
G.D. Tribe and B.V. Burger

5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Orientation to dung and other resources 87
5.3 Olfactory cues used in mate attraction and mate recognition 91
5.4 Chemical composition of Kheper pheromones 95
5.5 Kairomones 103
5.6 Defensive secretions 104
5.7 Conclusions and future directions 105

6 Explaining phenotypic diversity: the conditional strategy and threshold trait expression 107
Joseph Tomkins and Wade Hazel

6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 The environmental threshold model 109
6.3 Applying the threshold model 118
6.4 Future directions 123

7 Evolution and development: Onthophagus beetles and the evolutionary development genetics of innovation, allometry and plasticity 126
Armin Moczek

7.1 Introduction 126
7.2 Evo-devo and eco-devo - a brief introduction 127
7.3 Onthophagus beetles as an emerging model system in evo-devo and eco-devo 128
7.4 The origin and diversification of novel traits 132
7.5 The regulation and evolution of scaling 140
7.6 The development, evolution, and consequences of phenotypic plasticity 148
7.7 Conclusion 151

8 The evolution of parental care in the onthophagine dung beetles 152
John Hunt and Clarissa House

8.1 Introduction 152