An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology - Collin Yallop

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Résumé :

List of Figures x

List of Tables xiv

Preface to the Third Edition xv

List of Abbreviations xvi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Phonetics and phonology 1

1.2 Theory and analysis 4

1.3 Applications of phonetics and phonology 6

1.4 Outline of this book 7

Exercises 9

2 Segmental Articulation 10

2.1 Introduction 10

2.2 A functional overview of the speech production process 11

2.3 The organs of speech 15

2.4 Describing speech sounds 16

2.5 Airstream mechanisms 16

2.6 Modes of phonation 19

2.7 Vocalic sounds 22

2.8 Duration and glide in vocalic articulations 32

2.9 Consonantal sounds 36

2.10 Vocal tract place 38

2.11 Tongue position 41

2.12 Manner of articulation 43

2.13 Stricture 49

2.14 Force 51

2.15 Length 51

2.16 Voice onset 52

Exercises 53

3 Units of Speech 55

Introduction 55

3.1 Identifying the units of speech 56

3.2 Complex articulations 61

3.3 Nasalization 62

3.4 Labialization 63

3.5 Palatalization 64

3.6 Velarization and pharyngealization 64

3.7 Affrication 65

3.8 Double articulation 65

3.9 Vowel retroflexion 66

3.10 Diphthongization 66

3.11 Syllabicity 67

3.12 Segmentation and structure 69

3.13 Diphthongs and related phenomena 71

3.14 Interpretations 74

Exercises 79

4 The Phonemic Organization of Speech 81

Introduction 81

4.1 Phonetic variability 81

4.2 The phoneme 90

4.3 Allophones 93

4.4 Phonemic norms 98

4.5 Pattern and symmetry 99

4.6 Phonological reality 103

4.7 Units and boundaries 105

4.8 Invariance and overlap 107

4.9 Biuniqueness and neutralization 109

4.10 Morphophonemic alternations 114

4.11 Free variation 116

4.12 The sounds of the world's languages 118

Exercises 124

5 The Generative Approach to Phonology 126

Introduction 126

5.1 The origins of generative phonology 126

5.2 The sound pattern of English 129

5.3 Basic rule notation in generative phonology 131

5.4 Formalism and evaluation 137

5.5 Abbreviatory devices in rule notation 139

5.6 Rule order 145

5.7 Functional considerations 148

5.8 Naturalness and markedness 152

5.9 Abstractness 154

Exercises 157

6 The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Production 159

6.1 Introduction 159

6.2 Conventions of anatomical description 160

6.3 The nervous system 162

6.4 The respiratory system 168

6.5 The larynx 175

6.6 Phonation 184

6.7 The pharynx 190

6.8 The velum and the nasal cavity 191

6.9 The oral cavity 194

6.10 The tongue 195

6.11 The lips 198

6.12 The mandible 200

Exercises 202

7 The Acoustics of Speech Production 204

Introduction 204

7.1 The nature of sound 205

7.2 The propagation of sound 207

7.3 Simple harmonic motion 207

7.4 Complex vibrations 213

7.5 Resonance 216

7.6 Basic amplitude properties of sound waves 219

7.7 Time domain properties of sound waves 223

7.8 Frequency domain properties of sound waves 224

7.9 Some basic perceptual properties of sound waves 230

7.10 The acoustic model of speech production 233

7.11 Phonation as a sound source 234

7.12 Sources of frication 238

7.13 The vocal tract filter in vowel production 240

7.14 Spectrographic analysis of speech 249

7.15 Acoustic properties of vowel quality 261

7.16 T...

Sommaire:
Michael L. Clark is the author of The Shimmering Trilogy. This series allows the reader to explore what it might be like to live on the Natchez Trail in the early 1800s. His first two books: The Shimmering and The Diary of Gus Childers left his readers begging for more.A long-time resident of Middle Tennessee, he spends much of his free time exploring historical places throughout the Southeastern part of the country. With each journey, he discovers new intriguing material to research for upcoming books. Clark has recently retired from the United States Postal Service which allows him more time for writing and researching his next projects....