Hydroprocessing for Clean Energy - Edwin Yuh

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Résumé :

Preface xiii

Part 1 Fundamentals 1

1 Overview of This Book 3

1.1 Energy Sustainability 3

1.2 ULSD - Important Part of the Energy Mix 4

1.3 Technical Challenges for Making ULSD 7

1.4 What is the Book Written for 8

References 8

2 Refinery Feeds Products and Processes 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 ASTM Standard for Crude Characterization 10

2.3 Important Terminologies in Crude Characterization 12

2.4 Refining Processes 13

2.5 Products and Properties 15

2.6 Biofuel 20

3 Diesel Hydrotreating Process 23

3.1 Why Diesel Hydrotreating? 23

3.2 Basic Process Flowsheeting 25

3.3 Feeds 28

3.4 Products 30

3.5 Reaction Mechanisms 36

3.6 Hydrotreating Catalysts 40

3.7 Key Process Conditions 44

3.8 Different Types of Process Designs 47

References 48

4 Description of Hydrocracking Process 51

4.1 Why Hydrocracking 51

4.2 Basic Processing Blocks 53

4.3 Feeds 58

4.4 Products 59

4.5 Reaction Mechanism and Catalysts 61

4.6 Catalysts 67

4.7 Key Process Conditions 70

4.8 Typical Process Designs 75

References 78

Part 2 Hydroprocessing Design 79

5 Process Design Considerations 81

5.1 Introduction 81

5.2 Reactor Design 81

5.3 Recycle Gas Purity 98

5.4 Wash Water 102

5.5 Separator Design 107

5.6 Makeup Gas Compression 115

References 121

6 Distillate Hydrotreating Unit Design 123

6.1 Introduction 123

6.2 Number of Separators 123

6.3 Stripper Design 127

6.4 Debutanizer Design 135

6.5 Integrated Design 136

References 147

7 Hydrocracking Unit Design 149

7.1 Introduction 149

7.2 Single-stage Hydrocracking Reactor Section 150

7.3 Two-stage Hydrocracking Reactor Section 155

7.4 Use of a Hot Separator in Hydrocracking Unit Design 158

7.5 Use of Flash Drums 160

7.6 Hydrocracking Unit Fractionation Section Design 161

7.7 Fractionator First Flow Scheme 161

7.8 Debutanizer First Flow Scheme 163

7.9 Stripper First Fractionation Flow Scheme 166

7.10 Dual Zone Stripper Fractionation Flow Scheme 168

7.11 Dual Zone Stripper - Dual Fractionator Flow Scheme 170

7.12 Hot Separator Operating Temperature 171

7.13 Hydrogen Recovery 174

7.14 LPG Recovery 175

7.15 HPNA Rejection 177

7.16 Hydrocracking Unit Integrated Design 181

References 187

Part 3 Energy and Process Integration 189

8 Heat Integration for Better Energy Efficiency 191

8.1 Introduction 191

8.2 Energy Targeting 191

8.3 Grassroots Heat Exchanger Network (Hen) Design 202

8.4 Network Pinch for Energy Retrofit 206

Nomenclature 213

References 213

9 Process Integration for Low-Cost Design 215

9.1 Introduction 215

9.2 Definition of Process Integration 216

9.3 Grand Composite Curves (GCC) 218

9.4 Appropriate Placement Principle for Process Changes 219

9.5 Dividing Wall Distillation Column 225

9.6 Systematic Approach for Process Integration 228

9.7 Applications of the Process Integration Methodology 230

9.8 Summary of Potential Energy Efficiency Improvements 246

References 247

10 Distillation Column Operating Window 249

10.1 Introduction 249

10.2 What is Distillation? 249

10.3 Why Distillation is the Most Widely Used? 251

10.4 Distillation Efficiency 253

10.5 Definition of Feasible Operating Window 255