The European Reformations - Carter Lindberg

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Résumé :

List of Figures xi

Preface to the Third Edition xiii

Preface to the Second Edition xvi

Preface to the First Edition xviii

List of Abbreviations xxi

1 History, Historiography, and Interpretations of the Reformations 1

History and Historiography 1

Interpretations of the Reformations 6

Suggestions for Further Reading 19

2 The Late Middle Ages: Threshold and Foothold of the Reformations 20

Agrarian Crisis, Famine, and Plague 21

Towns and Cities: Loci of Ideas and Change 28

The Printing Press 29

Of Mines and Militancy 31

Social Tensions 32

The Crisis of Values 35

The Western Schism 35

Conciliarism 38

Anticlericalism and the Renaissance Papacy 43

Suggestions for Further Reading 45

Electronic Resources 45

3 The Dawn of a New Era 46

Martin Luther (1483-1546) 46

Theological and Pastoral Responses to Insecurity 51

Theological Implications 57

Indulgences: The Purchase of Paradise 59

The Squeaky Mouse 62

Politics and Piety 64

From the Diet of Worms to the Land of the Birds 66

The Diet of Worms 71

Suggestions for Further Reading 72

Electronic Resources 73

4 Wait for No One: Implementation of Reforms in Wittenberg 74

In the Land of the Birds 74

Melanchthon: Teacher of Germany 75

Karlstadt and Proto-Puritanism 76

Bishops, Clerical Marriage, and Strategies for Reform 78

The Gospel and Social Order 84

Suggestions for Further Reading 91

5 Fruits of the Fig Tree: Social Welfare and Education 92

Late Medieval Poor Relief 93

Beyond Charity 94

The Institutionalization of Social Welfare 98

Bugenhagen and the Spread of Evangelical Social Welfare 101

Education for Service to God and Service to the Neighbor 104

The Catechisms and Christian Vocation 106

Was the Early Reformation a Failure? 108

Suggestions for Further Reading 109

6 The Reformation of the Common Man 111

Brother Andy 111

Thomas M?ntzer 117

M?ntzer's Origins and Theology 118

M?ntzer's Historical Development 121

On to the Land of Hus 122

The Revolution of the Common Man, 1524-1526 128

The Role of Anticlericalism 130

Luther and the Peasants' War 131

Suggestions for Further Reading 136

7 The Swiss Connection: Zwingli and the Reformation in Zurich 137

The Affair of the Sausages 137

Zwingli's Beginnings 137

Magistracy and Church in Zurich 140

Zwingli's Reform Program 141

Excursus: Medieval Sacramental Theology 146

The Marburg Colloquy, 1529 154

Suggestions for Further Reading 159

8 The Sheep against the Shepherds: The Radical Reformations 160

The Anabaptists 161

Excursus: Reformation Understandings of Baptism 164

Zurich Beginnings 168

Anabaptist Multiplicity 173

The M?nster Debacle 176

The Subversive Piety of the Spiritualists 179

Suggestions for Further Reading 181

9 Augsburg 1530 to Augsburg 1555: Reforms and Politics 183

The Trail of Worms 183

The Diet of Worms, 1521 185

The Diet of Speyer, 1526 186

The Diet of Speyer, 1529 187

The Diet of Augsburg, 1530, and the Augsburg Confession 188

The Right of Resistance to the Emperor 192

Reformation Ecumenism, War, and the Peace of Augsburg 193

Suggestions for Further Reading 198

10 The Most Perfect School of Christ: The Genevan Reformation 199

John Calvin (1509-1564) 199

Journey to Geneva 202