Syntax - Andrew Carnie

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Résumé :

Preface and Acknowledgments xiii

Part 1 Preliminaries 1

1 Generative Grammar 3

0. Preliminaries 3

1. Syntax as Science - the Scientific Method 4

2. Syntax as a Cognitive Science 12

3. Models of Syntax 13

4. Competence vs. Performance 13

5. A Clarification on the Word Language 15

6. Where Do the Rules Come From? 16

7. Choosing among Theories about Syntax 25

8. The Scientific Method and the Structure of this Textbook 25

9. Conclusion 26

Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 27

General Problem Sets 29

Challenge Problem Sets 35

2 Parts of Speech 43

0. Words and Why They Matter to Syntax 43

1. Determining Part of Speech 44

2. The Major Parts of Speech: N, V, Adj, and Adv 47

3. Open vs. Closed...

Biographie:
Lexical vs. Functional 50

4. Subcategories and Features 52

5. Conclusion 58

Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 58

General Problem Sets 59

Challenge Problem Sets 63

3 Constituency, Trees, and Rules 67

0. Introduction 67

1. Rules and Trees 70

2. How to Draw a Tree 84

3. Modification and Ambiguity 90

4. Constituency Tests 91

5. Constituency in Other Languages 93

6. Conclusion 98

Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 98

General Problem Sets 99

Challenge Problem Sets 107

4 Structural Relations 113

0. Introduction 113

1. The Parts of a Tree 114

2. Dominance 116

3. Precedence 119

4. C-command 122

5. Grammatical Relations 126

6. Conclusions 129

Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 129

General Problem Sets 131

Challenge Problem Sets 138

5 Binding Theory 141

0. Introduction 141

1. The Notions Coindex and Antecedent 143

2. Binding 144

3. Locality Conditions on the Binding of Anaphors 146

4. The Distribution of Pronouns 148

5. The Distribution of R-expressions 148

6. Why Does Binding Theory Matter to Syntacticians 149

6. Conclusion 151

Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 151

General Problem Sets 152

Challenge Problem Sets 154

Part 2 The Base 159

6 X-bar Theory 161

0. Introduction 161

1. Bar-level Projections 163

2. Generalizing the Rules: The X-bar Schema 168

3. Complements, Adjuncts, and Specifiers 170

4. Some Definitional Housekeeping 179

5. Parameters of Word Order 180

6. Drawing Trees in X-bar Notation 182

7. Conclusion 199

Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 200

General Problem Sets 201

Challenge Problem Sets 209

7 Extending X-bar Theory to Functional Categories 213

0. Introduction 213

1. Determiner Phrases (DPs) 214

2. A Descriptive Tangent into Clause Types 217

3. Complementizer Phrases (CPs) 221

4. Tense, Perfect, Progressive and Voice Phrases 223

Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 234

General Problem Sets 236

Challenge Problem Sets 238

8 Constraining X-bar: Theta Theory 243

0. Introduction 243

1. Some Basic Terminology 244

2. Thematic Relations and Theta Roles 245

3. The Lexicon 250

4. Expletives and the Extended Projection Principle 252

5. Conclusion 253

Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 254

General Problem Sets 255

Challenge Problem Sets 259

9 Theta Grids and Functional Categories 265

0. Introduction 265

1. Complementizers 266

2. Determiners 269

3. Using Theta Grids for English Auxiliaries 273

4. Main verbs vs. Auxiliaries 284

5. Conclusion 287

Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 287

General Problem Sets 288

Challenge Problem Sets 292

Part 3 Movement 295

10 Head-to-Head Movement 297

0. Introduction 297

1. Verb Movement (V ? T) 300

2. T Movement (T ? C) 314

3. Do-support 317

Appendix: Determining if a Language has V ? T Movement 318

Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter 318

General Problem Sets 319

Challenge Problem Sets 324

11 DP Movement 331

0. Introduction 331

1. A Puzzle for the Theory of Theta Roles 332