Distillation - Harald Klein

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Résumé :
Distillation Principles and Practice Second Edition covers all the main aspects of distillation including the thermodynamics of vapor/liquid equilibrium, the principles of distillation, the synthesis of distillation processes, the design of the equipment, and the control of process operation.

Most textbooks deal in detail with the principles and laws of distilling binary mixtures. When it comes to multi-component mixtures, they refer to computer software nowadays available. One of the special features of the second edition is a clear and easy understandable presentation of the principles and laws of ternary distillation. The right understanding of ternary distillation is the link to a better understanding of multi-component distillation. Ternary distillation is the basis for a conceptual process design, for separating azeotropic mixtures by using an entrainer, and for reactive distillation, which is a rapidly developing field of distillation.

Another special feature of the book is the design of distillation equipment, i.e. tray columns and packed columns. In practice, empirical know-how is preferably used in many companies, often in form of empirical equations, which are not even dimensionally correct. The objective of the proposed book is the derivation of the relevant equations for column design based on first principles. The field of column design is permanently developing with respect to the type of equipment used and the know-how of two-phase flow and interfacial mass transfer....

Biographie:

JOHANN STICHLMAIR PHD, is the Emeritus of the Institute of Plant and Process Technology, Technical University of Munich. He is the winner of the Arnold Eucken Award 1978, the Emil Kirschbaum Medal 2003 and the Arnold Eucken Medal 2008 of the German Association of Chemical Engineers. He was also honored in a special session at the AIChE National Meeting in 2004.

HARALD KLEIN PHD, is the current head of the Institute of Plant and Process Technology at the Technical University of Munich. His research is based on modeling and simulation of chemical processes, equipment design as well as thermodynamic property data.

SEBASTIAN REHFELDT PHD, is a senior lecturer for equipment design and process design at the Technical University of Munich. His research concentrates on gas-liquid contact apparatus and heat exchangers....

Sommaire:

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Principle of Distillation Separation 1

1.2 Historical 3

2 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 7

2.1 Basic Thermodynamic Correlations 7

2.1.1 Measures of Concentration 7

2.1.2 Equations of State (EOS) 8

2.1.3 Molar Mixing and Partial Molar State Variables 12

2.1.4 Saturation Vapor Pressure and Boiling Temperature of Pure Components 13

2.1.5 Fundamental Equation and the Chemical Potential 14

2.1.6 Gibbs-Duhem Equation and Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation 17

2.2 Calculation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures 18

2.2.1 Basic Equilibrium Conditions 18

2.2.2 Gibbs Phase Rule 19

2.2.3 Correlations for the Chemical Potential 19

2.2.4 Calculating Activity Coefficients with the Molar Excess Free Energy 23

2.2.5 Thermodynamic Consistency Check of Molar Excess Free Energy and Activity Coefficients 28

2.2.6 Iso-fugacity Condition 30

2.2.7 Fugacity of the Liquid Phase 30

2.2.8 Fugacity of the Vapor Phase 31

2.2.9 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Using an Equation of State 32

2.2.10 Fugacity of Pure Liquid as Standard Fugacity: Raoult's Law 47

2.2.11 Fugacity of Infinitely Diluted Component as Standard Fugacity: Henry's Law 48

2.2.12 Correlations describing the Molar Excess Free Energy and Activity Coefficients 49

2.2.13 Using Experimental Data of Binary Mixtures for Correlations Describing the Molar

Excess Free Energy and Activity Coefficients .55

2.2.14 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Ratio of Mixtures 59

2.2.15 Relative Volatility of Mixtures 59

2.2.16 Boiling Condition of Liquid Mixtures 61

2.2.17 Condensation (Dew Point) Condition of Vapor Mixtures .62

2.3 Binary Mixtures and Phase Diagrams 81

2.3.1 Boiling Curve Correlation 81

2.3.2 Condensation (Dew Point) Curve Correlation 83

2.3.3 (p, x, y)-Diagram.84

2.3.4 (T, x, y)-Diagram 84

2.3.5 McCabe-Thiele Diagram 86

2.3.6 Boiling and Condensation Behavior of Binary Mixtures 86

2.3.7 General Aspects of Azeotropic Mixtures 90

2.3.8 Limiting Cases of Binary Mixtures 104

2.4 Ternary Mixtures 114

2.4.1 Boiling and Condensation Conditions of Ternary Mixtures 114

2.4.2 Triangular Diagrams 116

2.4.3 Boiling Surfaces 116

2.4.4 Condensation Surfaces 122

2.4.5 Derivation of Distillation Lines .123

2.4.6 Examples for Distillation Lines 128

3 Single Stage Distillation and Condensation 137

3.1 Continuous Closed Distillation and Condensation 137

3.1.1 Closed Distillation of Binary Mixtures 137

3.1.2 Closed Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures 140

3.2 Batchwise Open Distillation and Open Condensation 152

3.2.1 Binary Mixtures .152

3.2.2 Ternary Mixtures 157

3.2.3 Multicomponent Mixtures 167

3.3 Semi-continuous Single Stage Distillation 169

3.3.1 Semi-continuous Single Stage Distillation of Binary Mixtures 169

4 Multistage Continuous Distillation (Rectification) 173

4.1 Principles 173

4.1.1 Equilibrium-Stage Concept 176

4.1.2 Transfer-Unit Concept 177

4.1.3 Comparison of Equilibrium-Stage and Transfer-Unit Concepts 180

4.2 Multistage Distillation of Binary Mixtures 181

4.2.1 Calculations Based on Material Balances 182

4.2.2 Calculation Based on Material and Enthalpy Balances 189

4.2.3 Distillation of Binary Mixtures at Total Reflux and Reboil .192

4.2.4 Distillation of Binary Mixtures at Minimum Reflux and Reboil 198

4.2.5 Energy Requirement for Distillation of Binary Mixtures.204

4.3 Multistage Distillation of Ternary Mixtures 206

4.3.1 Calculati...