Aircraft Systems - Craig Lawson

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Résumé :

Series Preface xiii

About the Authors xiv

Preface xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Which Are the Airframe Systems? 2

1.2 Aircraft Systems Design Processes and Aircraft- Level Considerations 2

1.3 Systems Integration 2

Bibliography 5

2 Airframe Systems Design Process 6

2.1 Introduction 6

2.1.1 Systems Design Approach 6

2.1.2 Safety Assessment Philosophy 7

2.1.3 Aircraft Systems Design Methods 8

2.1.4 Sae Arp4754a 8

2.1.5 Sae Arp4761 9

2.2 Requirements Capture 9

2.3 System Safety Assessment 11

2.3.1 Functional Hazard Assessment 11

2.3.2 Development Assurance Process and Levels 13

2.3.3 Fault Tree Analysis 14

2.3.4 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 15

2.4 System Architectures 16

2.4.1 Representing Architectures 17

2.4.2 Architectures for Analysis 18

2.5 Systems Design for Maintainability 19

2.5.1 Maintenance Cost Estimation 20

2.5.2 Accessibility 21

2.5.3 System Ageing and Obsolescence 23

2.6 Aircraft Level Trade- off Analysis 25

2.6.1 Fuel Penalties 25

2.7 Cost 31

2.7.1 Subsystem Cost Breakdown 31

2.7.2 Estimation Approaches 33

2.8 Summary 35

References 35

3 Aircraft Secondary Power Systems 37

3.1 Introduction 37

3.2 Secondary Power Forms 37

3.2.1 Pneumatic Power Systems 37

3.2.2 Hydraulic Power Systems 39

3.2.3 Electrical Power Systems 40

3.2.4 Variable- Frequency AC 41

3.2.5 Fixed- Frequency AC 41

3.2.6 High- Voltage dc 41

3.2.7 Low- Voltage dc 41

3.3 Secondary Power Sources 42

3.3.1 Aircraft- Level Effects 42

3.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 43

3.3.3 Trade Study 44

3.3.4 Main Engines 45

3.3.5 Auxiliary Power Units 46

3.3.6 Ground Power Units 47

3.3.7 Ram Air Turbines 48

3.3.8 Emergency Power Units 49

3.3.9 Stored Energy and Batteries 49

4 Aircraft Pneumatic Power Systems 51

4.1 Introduction 51

4.2 The Requirements for Aircraft Pneumatic Power Systems 51

4.2.1 Airworthiness Requirements 52

4.3 Bleed Air Systems Design 53

4.4 Bleed Air Systems Components 54

4.4.1 Pneumatic Valves 54

4.4.2 Pre- coolers 54

4.4.3 Ducting 55

4.5 The Use of Bleed Air 56

4.5.1 Engine Starting Systems 56

4.5.2 Engine Thrust Reversing and Variable Nozzle Geometry Systems 57

4.5.3 Pitot- Static System 57

4.6 Boeing 767 Pneumatic System 57

Bibliography 59

5 Hydraulic Power Systems 60

5.1 Introduction 60

5.2 Hydraulic System Components 61

5.2.1 Hydraulic Fluids 61

Table of Contents ix

5.2.2 Hydraulic Pumps 63

5.2.3 Hydraulic Pumps for Low- Pressure Applications 64

5.2.4 Hydraulic Pumps for High- Pressure Applications 65

5.2.5 Hydraulic Piping 68

5.2.6 Reservoirs 70

5.2.7 Filters 72

5.2.8 Accumulators 73

5.2.9 Pressure Control Valves 74

5.2.10 Heat Exchangers 75

5.2.11 Power Control Units 76

5.3 Hydraulic System Aircraft Applications 78

5.3.1 Boeing 737 Hydraulic System 78

5.3.2 BAE Systems Hawk Hydraulic System 80

5.4 Requirements, System Design, Analysis and Sizing 82

5.4.1 Requirements Definition 82

5.4.2 Performance Requirements Analysis 82

5.4.3 Architecture Definitions 85

5.4.4 System Simulation and Control 87

5.5 Summary 89

References 89

6 Aircraft Electrical Power Systems 90

6.1 Introduction 90

6.2 The Requirements for Aircraft Electrical Power Sys...

Biographie:

Craig Lawson, PhD, is Professor of Aircraft Design at Cranfield University, UK. He is a Chartered Engineer, Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, and Fellow of the UK Higher Education Academy. He is an expert in aircraft design focusing on assessment of the impact of novel systems on aircraft design, performance, and assembly. He manages industry and government funded research projects, supervises doctoral candidates, and teaches aircraft conceptual, preliminary, and detailed design to postgraduate students.

David Judt is the Head of Airworthiness at Aircraft Completion Engineering, France. He is a Member of the Royal Aeronautical Society and Fellow of the UK Higher Education Academy. Educated at Glasgow University and Cranfield University, he was Senior Lecturer and Course Director for the Aerospace Vehicle Design MSc. program, teaching and researching in the airframe systems field. He now leads the certification and continued airworthiness activities for cabin modifications and oxygen system products....

Sommaire:

About the Authors x
Series Preface xi
Preface xii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Which Are the Airframe Systems? 2
1.2 Aircraft Systems Design Processes and Aircraft-Level Considerations 2
1.3 Systems Integration 2

2 Airframe System Design Process 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Requirements Capture 9
2.3 System Safety Assessment 11
2.4 System Architectures 16
2.5 System Design for Maintainability 19
2.6 Aircraft Level Trade-off Analysis 24
2.7 Cost 31
2.8 Summary 35

3 Aircraft Secondary Power Systems 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Secondary Power Forms 37
3.3 Secondary Power Sources 42

4 Aircraft Pneumatic Power Systems 51
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 The Requirements for Aircraft Pneumatic Power Systems 51
4.3 Bleed Air Systems Design 53
4.4 Bleed Air Systems Components 54
4.5 The Use of Bleed Air 56
4.6 Boeing 767 Pneumatic System 57

5 Hydraulic Power Systems 60
5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Hydraulic System Components 61
5.3 Hydraulic System Aircraft Applications 80
5.4 Requirements, System Design, Analysis and Sizing 82
5.5 Summary 88

6 Aircraft Electrical Power Systems 90
6.1 Introduction 90
6.2 The Requirements for Aircraft Electrical Power Systems 91
6.3 Electrical Power Generation 92
6.4 Electrical Power Conversion 98
6.5 Electrical Power Distribution 100
6.6 Electrical Power System Architectures 104

7 Flight Control Actuation Systems 108
7.1 Introduction 108
7.2 Control Surfaces 109
7.3 Flight Control Linkage Systems 111
7.4 Trim Systems 112
7.5 Feel Systems 113
7.6 Actuation Systems Using Hydraulic Actuators 114
7.7 Actuation Systems Using Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators 116
7.8 Actuation Systems Using Electro-Mechanical Actuators 117
7.9 Fly-By-Wire Systems 120
7.10 Actuator Design Requirements and Sizing 122
7.11 Basic Actuator Design Considerations and 'Rules of Thumb' for Sizing 123
7.12 Summary 125

8 Aircraft Icing, Ice and Rain Protection Systems 127
8.1 Introduction 127
8.2 Aircraft Icing Conditions in Flight 128
8.3 Airworthiness Requirements 130
8.4 Ice Build-up in Flight 135
8.5 Estimation of Ice Accretion on an Aerofoil Surface in Flight 136
8.6 Aircraft Ice Protection Systems 140
8.7 Aircraft Ground Icing 147
8.8 Ground Anti-icing and De-icing 147
8.9 Rain Protection 148

9 Aircraft Environmental Control Systems 150
9.1 Introduction 150
9.2 The Requirements for Aircraft ECS 150
9.3 Cabin Heat Balance Calculations 158
9.4 ECS Designs 160
9.5 Environmental Control Subsystems 168
9.6 Oxygen Systems 173
9.7 Example Complete ECS 176

10 Fuel and Fuel Systems 179
10.1 Introduction 179
10.2 Aviation Fuels 179
10.3 Fuel System Components 182
10.4 Engine Feed Systems 192
10.5 Fuel Transfer Systems 193
10.6 Refuel/Defuel Systems 194
10.7 Vent Systems 196
10.8 Fuel Quantity Measurement Systems 197
10.9 Fuel System Contamination 198
10.10 Fuel Jettison 198
10.11 Design Process Considerations 198
10.12 Summary 209

References 209
Index 210