Snow Avalanches - Louchet, Francois

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Résumé :
This book provides a critical update of the most recent and innovative developments of avalanche science. It aims at re-founding avalanche science on clear scientific bases, from field observations and experiments up to mathematical and physical analysis and modeling. In this respect, it stands in a still unoccupied but fundamental niche amidst the abundant avalanche literature. In the current context of a accelerated climate warming, the book also discusses possible evolutions of snow cover extent and stability. It also shows how the present analysis can be extended, in mountainous areas, to other gravitationally induced phenomena that are likely to take over from avalanches under specific circumstances. The text is supported by online links to field experiments and lectures on triggering mechanisms, risk management, and decision making....

Biographie:
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Sommaire:
INTRODUCTION; SNOW, AN INTRIGUING, COMPLEX AND CHANGEABLE SOLID; 2.1 From ice to snow; 2.2 Snow crystals; 2.3 From snowfalls to snow layers; 2.4 Snow as a granular medium; 2.5 Snow as a porous medium: the concept of percolation; BASICS OF DEFORMATION, FRACTURE AND FRICTION PROCESSES; 3.1 Deformation of solids; 3.2 Fracture initiation and extension; 3.3 Griffith's criterion; 3.4 The brittle to ductile transition; 3.5 Coulomb's law of friction; SLAB AVALANCHE RELEASE: DATA AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS; 4.1 Geometry and dynamical characteristics; 4.2 Statistical aspects: scale invariance; 4.3 The weak layer, starting point for slab avalanche release; 4.4 Stability and Bridging indexes; SLAB AVALANCHE MODELING; 5.1 Old myths and beliefs to shoot down; 5.2 Basis for modeling; 5.3 Statistical approach: Playing with cellular; 5.4 Sliding or sticking?; 5.5 Slab avalanche release in four steps; SUPERFICIAL AND FULL-DEPTH AVALANCHES; 6.1 Loose snow avalanches; 6.2 Full depth avalanches; 6.3 Summary; SNOW AND AVALANCHES IN A CLIMATE WARMING CONTEXT; 7.1 Climate change; 7.2 Possible consequences on avalanching; SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION; APPENDIX A; COMPLEXITY AND CRITICAL PHENOMENA; A1 From simple to complex systems; A2 Scale invariance and self-organized criticality; APPENDIX B; MODELING A FLUID TO SOLID PHASE TRANSITION IN SNOW WEAK-LAYERS.; B1 A fluid to solid phase transition in healable granular materials; B2 Application to slab avalanche release; APPENDIX C; STABILITY OF A SINTERED WEAK LAYER DISK SURROUNDED BY A RING-SHAPED FLUID WEAK LAYER ZONE