Philosophy in Science - Heller, Michael

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Résumé :
The traditional topics of the philosophy of nature ? space, time, causality, the structure of the universe ? are overwhelmingly present in our modern scientific theories. This book traces the complex paths that discussion of these topics has followed, from Plato and Aristotle, through Descartes, Leibniz, Kant and other great thinkers, right up to the relativistic cosmologies and the grand unified theories of contemporary science. In the light of this historical development, it becomes clear that modern science gives us not only a technological power over the world, but also a deeper understanding of physical reality. In this sense, science could be regarded as an heir to the traditional philosophy of nature. Moreover, the reader will learn why science itself deserves to be the subject of philosophical reflection.

Biographie:
George V. Coyne, S.J. Director Emeritus of the Vatican Observatory was born January 19, 1933, in Baltimore. A member of the Society of Jesus since the age of 18, he completed the licentiate in sacred theology at Woodstock College, Woodstock, Maryland, and was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1965. He joined the Vatican Observatory as an astronomer in 1969 and became an assistant professor at the LPL in 1970. In 1976 he became a senior research fellow at the LPL and a lecturer in the UA Department of Astronomy. The following year he served as Director of the UA's Catalina Observatory and as Associate Director of the LPL. Coyne became Director of the Vatican Observatory in 1978, and also Associate Director of the UA Steward Observatory. During 1979-80 he served as Acting Director and Head of the UA Steward Observatory and the Astronomy Department, and thereafter he continued as an adjunct professor in the University of Arizona Astronomy Department. As Director of the Vatican Observatory he was a driving force in several new educational and research initiatives. He retired as Director in August 2006, and after spending a sabbatical year in Rayleigh, NC, he remains on the staff of the Vatican Observatory. Among his honors has been the naming of a comet after him. Coyne's research interests have been in polarimetric studies of various subjects including the interstellar medium, stars with extended atmospheres and Seyfert galaxies, which are a group of spiral galaxies with very small and unusually bright star like centers. (Polarimetry is the technique of measuring or analyzing the polarization of light. When light rays exhibit different properties in different directions, the light is said to be polarized.) Most recently he has been studying the polarization produced in cataclysmic variables, or interacting binary star systems that give off sudden bursts of intense energy, and dust about young stars. He is an active member of the International Astronomical Union, the American Astronomical Society, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, the American Physical Society and the Optical Society of America. Michael Heller is professor at the Faculty of Philosophy of the Pontifical Academy of Theology, Krakow, Poland and the adjoined member of the Vatican Observatory (which is an astronomical observatory). He is the winner of the 2008 Templeton Prize, the richest award made to an individual by a philanthropic organization.The John Templeton Foundation, which awards grants to encourage scientific discovery on the big questions in science and philosophy, commended Professor Heller for his extensive writings that have evoked new and important consideration of some of humankind's most profound concepts. Prof. Heller is Ordinary Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (Rome), elected in 1991 and also a member of the International Astronomical Union, International Society for General Relativity and Gravitation, European Physical Society, and the International Society for the Study of Time His fields of scientific research include: Relativistic physics, in particular relativistic cosmology...

Sommaire:
Chapter I. The First Task of the Philosophy of Nature-The Problem of Elementarity.-Chapter II. The Philosophical Myth of Creation-The Platonic Philosophy of Nature.-Chapter III. Aristotle's Physics.-Chapter IV. Aristotle's Method of Cosmological Speculation.-Chapter V. Descartes' Mechanism.-Chapter VI. Isaac Newton and The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.-Chapter VII. The World of Leibniz: The Best of All Possible Worlds.-Chapter VIII. Immanuel Kant: The a priori Conditions of the Sciences.-Chapter IX. The Romantic Philosophy of Nature.-Chapter X. The Cosmology of Whitehead: The Universe as Process.- Chapter XI. Popper's Open Universe.-Chapter XII. Science as Philosophy.-Chapter XIII. Problems and Methods of the Philosophy of Nature.