Introduction to Sustainability - Robert Brinkmann

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Acknowledgments xv
About the Author xvii
About the Companion Website xix

1 Roots of the Modern Sustainability Movement 1
Meaning of Sustainability 1
Nineteenth Century Environmentalism 3
Pinchot, Roosevelt, and Muir 5
Aldo Leopold and the Land Ethic 6
Better Living Through Chemistry, The Great Smog of 1952, and Rachel Carson 8
Environmental Activism of the 1960s and 1970s and the Development of Environmental Policy 10
The Growth of Environmental Laws in the 1960s and 1970s 13
The First Earth Day 14
International Concerns 14
Ozone and the World Comes Together 15
Globalization and the Brundtland Report 16
Deep Ecology 18
Environmental Justice 19
Measuring Sustainability 21
The Climate Change Challenge 23
The Road Ahead 24
Organization 26

2 Understanding Natural Systems 29
The Earth, its Layers, and the Rock Cycle 29
The Rock Cycle 32
Biogeochemical Cycles 33
Water and the Water Cycle 34
The Carbon Cycle and Global Climate Change 37
Global Climate Change and the Carbon Cycle 38
The Sulfur Cycle 40
The Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles 42
Nitrate Pollution of groundwater 45
Organisms and Ecosystems 46
Urban Ecosystems 49
Understanding the Anthropocene 53

3 Measuring Sustainability 57
The United Nations Millennium Goals 58
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 59
National sustainability planning 60
Canada 64
Bhutan 67
Regional sustainability planning 69
Local sustainability measurement 73
Green local governments in Florida 75
Specific community plans 79
PlaNYC 79
London and sustainability 81
Small towns and sustainability 84
Business sustainability 85

4 Energy 89
World Energy Production and Consumption 89
Traditional or Dirty Energy Resources 91
Oil 91
Oil shale and tar sands 93
Natural gas 95
Coal 97
Coal mining 98
Pollution from coal 99
Green energy 100
Biomass 100
Biomass: wood, manure, peat, and other organic sources 100
Burning of garbage: waste-to-energy 101
Conversion of biomass to liquid or gas fuel 102
Wind energy 103
Solar energy 105
Passive solar energy 105
Active solar energy 106
Concentrated solar power 107
Critiques of solar power 107
Nuclear energy 107
Other innovations 110
Energy efficiency 110
Living off the grid 112

5 Global Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Management 113
The end of nature? 113
The science of global climate change: The greenhouse effect 114
Water vapor 116
Carbon dioxide 116
Methane 118
Sinks of carbon 120
Forests 120
Reefs 120
The IPCC and evidence for climate change, and the future of our planet 121
Ocean acidification 122
Phenological changes 123
Conducting greenhouse gas inventories 124
Step 1 Setting boundaries 125
Step 2 Defining scope 125
Step 3 Choosing a quantitative approach 126
Step 4 Setting a baseline year 126
Step 5 Engaging stakeholders 126
Step 6 Procuring certification 127
Greenhouse gas equivalents used in greenhouse gas accounting 127
Greenhouse gas emission scopes 128
De minimis emissions 129
Computing greenhouse gas credits 129
Climate action plans 129
Religion and climate change 135
Evangelical Environmental Network 136
Young Evangelicals for Climate Action 136
Catholic Climate Covenant 136
Jewish Climate Change Campaign 137
The International Muslim Conference on Climate Change 138
Buddhist Declaration on Climate Change 138
Hindu Declaration on Climate Change 138
Art, culture,...