Understanding Emotions, EMEA Edition - Dacher Keltner

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Résumé :

Figures xvii

Tables xxv

Preface xxvii

Acknowledgments xxxi

Part I Perspectives on Emotions 1

1 Approaches to Understanding Emotions 3

Introduction 4

What is an Emotion? First Ideas 5

Nineteenth-Century Founders 6

Charles Darwin: The Evolutionary Approach 6

William James: The Bodily Approach 10

Sigmund Freud: The Psychoanalytic Approach 10

Philosophical and Literary Approaches 12

Aristotle and the Ethics of Emotions 12

Ren? Descartes: Philosophically Speaking 15

George Eliot: The World of the Arts 17

Brain Science, Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology 18

John Harlow, Tania Singer: Toward a Brain Science of Emotion 19

Magda Arnold, Sylvan Tomkins: New Psychological Theories 22

Erving Goffman, Arlie Russell Hochschild, and Lila Abu-Lughod: Emotions as Moral Dramas Involving Selves and Others 24

Empirical Inspirations for a New Science of Emotion 26

What is an Emotion? A Framework 28

The Emotional Realm: Emotions-Moods-Dispositions 29

Episodes of Emotion 30

Moods and Sentiments 30

Emotional Disorders 30

Personality and Temperament 30

Summary 31

To Think About and Discuss 31

Further Reading 31

2 Evolution of Emotions 32

Elements of an Evolutionary Approach 33

Selection Pressures 33

Adaptation 35

Natural Design for Gene Replication 37

An Evolutionary History of Human Emotions 41

Insights from Modern Hunter-Gatherers 41

Insights from Nonhuman Primates 43

Human Ancestry 47

Evolution of Symbolic Representation and Language 49

Emotions as Bases of Human Relationships 51

Emotions That Promote Attachment 52

Emotions and Negotiation of Social Hierarchy 54

Emotions, Affiliation, and Friendship 54

Collective Emotion and Preference for In-Groups 55

Summary 57

To Think About and Discuss 57

Further Reading 58

3 Cultural Understandings of Emotions 59

An Island Society 60

Two Emotional Events 60

Three Principles: Emotions as Interpersonal, Active, and Value-based 61

Cross-cultural Approaches to Emotion 62

Identity 62

Independent and Interdependent Selves 63

Knowledge Structures 65

Values 67

The Construction of Emotions in the West 69

The Coming of Civilization to Medieval Societies 69

Has Violence Declined Over Time? 71

The Romantic Era 73

Sexual Love in the West 75

Falling in Love: Emotion as a Role 75

Women and Men: Different Cultures? 78

Integrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches 78

Summary 80

To Think About and Discuss 81

Further Reading 81

Part II Elements of Emotions 83

4 Communication of Emotions 85

Five Kinds of Nonverbal Behavior 88

Facial Expressions of Emotion 91

Darwin's Observations and Theoretical Analysis 91

Early Evidence of the Universality of Facial Expressions of Emotion 93

Critiques of the Ekman and Friesen Studies 95

Discovering New Facial Expressions of Emotion 96

Inference and Context in Emotion Recognition 99

Vocal Communication of Emotion 102

The Communication of Emotions with the Voice 104

Tactile Communication of Emotion 107

Four Functions of Touch 107

Communicating Emotions with Touch 108

Emotional Expression and the Coordination of Social Interaction 109

Cultural Variation in Emotional Expression 111

Cultural Variation in Expressive Behavior 111

Cultural Variation in the Interpretation...

Sommaire:
Emotions are an inescapable part of the human experience. They motivate actions and reactions, guide our interpersonal and business relationships, inspire political and societal trends, and influence our sense of self and well-being. Emphasizing the broad practical reach of this field of study, Understanding Emotions draws from neuroscience, psychiatry, biology, genetics, the humanities, economics, and more to provide a strong foundation in core concepts. An easy-to-follow narrative arc encompasses the entire life span, while representative studies provide immediate insight into the real-world implications of important findings. This new Fourth Edition continues to provide clear and concise guidance toward the factors that drive emotion, with new, revised, and expanded discussions that reflect the current state of the field. Detailed coverage of social and anti-social motivations, moral judgment, empathy, psychological disorders, the physiological components of emotion, and many more equip students with the conceptual tools to probe deeper into the material and apply methods and techniques to their own personal lives....