Soil Chemistry - Daniel G. Strawn

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Résumé :

Preface to Fifth Edition xii

Preface to Fourth Edition xiii

Acknowledgments xiv

1 Introduction to Soil Chemistry 1

1.1 The soil chemistry discipline 1

1.2 Historical background 3

1.3 The soil environment 6

1.3.1 Soil chemical and biological interfaces 6

1.3.2 Soil solids 10

1.3.3 Soil interaction with the hydrosphere 11

1.3.4 Interaction of soil and the atmosphere 12

1.4 Chemical reactions in soils 15

1.4.1 Flow of chemical energy in soils 17

1.4.2 Soil chemical speciation 18

1.4.3 Chemical reaction types in soils 19

1.5 Soil biogeochemical cycling 22

1.6 Soil chemical influences on food production 22

1.7 Soils and environmental health 23

1.7.1 Soil chemistry and environmental toxicology 24

1.8 Units in soil chemistry 26

1.8.1 Converting units 26

1.9 Summary of important concepts in soil chemistry 26

Questions 29

Bibliography 29

2 Properties of Elements and Molecules 31

2.1 Introduction 31

2.2 Ionization and ionic charge 33

2.3 Ionic radius 33

2.4 Molecular bonds 36

2.5 Nature of water and hydration of ions 37

2.6 Ligands and metal bonds 40

2.7 Summary of important concepts of elemental and molecular properties 42

Questions 42

Bibliography 42

3 Characteristics of Chemicals in Soils 43

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Occurrence of elements in soils 43

3.3 Essential elements 47

3.3.1 Plant deficiency 49

3.4 Inorganic contaminants in the environment 49

3.4.1 Assessing contamination status of soils 51

3.5 Anthropogenic organic chemicals in the soil environment 53

3.5.1 Pesticides in the environment 54

3.5.2 Chemicals of emerging concern in the environment 54

3.5.3 Chemical factors affecting organic chemical reactions in soil 57

3.6 Properties of the elements in soils 58

3.6.1 Alkali and alkaline earth cations 59

3.6.2 Major soluble anions in soils 61

3.6.3 Poorly soluble anions 63

3.6.4 Poorly soluble metal cations 67

3.6.5 Common toxic elements in soils 69

3.6.6 Major biogeochemical elements: carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur 71

3.7 Summary of important concepts for chemicals in the soil environment 75

Questions 75

Bibliography 76

4 Soil Water Chemistry 77

4.1 Introduction 77

4.2 Thermodynamic approach to aqueous soil chemistry 78

4.2.1 Example using thermodynamics to calculate gypsum solubility in soils 79

4.2.2 Types of equilibrium constants 82

4.3 Calculation of ion activity 83

4.3.1 Use of ionic strength to calculate activity coefficients 84

4.3.2 Example calculation of activity coefficient 86

4.4 Acids and bases 86

4.4.1 Bases 87

4.4.2 Weak acids 87

4.5 Gas dissolution 89

4.5.1 Predicting dissolution of ammonia in water 90

4.5.2 Predicting pH of water due to CO 2 dissolution 91

4.6 Precipitation and dissolution reactions 91

4.6.1 Solubility of minerals 92

4.6.2 Iron and aluminum dissolution from oxides and hydroxides 93

4.6.3 Calcite and carbon dioxide in soils 95

4.6.4 Solubility of minerals in soils 97

4.6.5 Solubility of contaminant metals from minerals 100

4.7 Cation hydrolysis 102

4.8 Complexation 105

4.8.1 Predicting equilibrium for complexation reactions 106

4.8.2 Chelate reactions with metals 106

4.8.3 Trends in cation ligand affinity 109

4.8.4 Predicting complexation using the hard and soft acid?base (HASB) concept 110

4.9 Using software to predi...

Biographie:
characteristics of chemicals in soils...

Sommaire:

Preface to Fifth Edition xii
Preface to Fourth Edition xiii
Acknowledgments xiv

1 Introduction to Soil Chemistry 1
1.1 The soil chemistry discipline 1
1.2 Historical background 3
1.3 The soil environment 6
1.4 Chemical reactions in soils 15
1.5 Soil biogeochemical cycling 22
1.6 Soil chemical influences on food production 22
1.7 Soils and environmental health 23
1.8 Units in soil chemistry 26
1.9 Summary of important concepts in soil chemistry 26

2 Properties of Elements and Molecules 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Ionization and ionic charge 33
2.3 Ionic radius 33
2.4 Molecular bonds 36
2.5 Nature of water and hydration of ions 37
2.6 Ligands and metal bonds 40
2.7 Summary of important concepts of elemental and molecular properties 42

3 Characteristics of Chemicals in Soils 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Occurrence of elements in soils 43
3.3 Essential elements 47
3.4 Inorganic contaminants in the environment 49
3.5 Anthropogenic organic chemicals in the soil environment 53
3.6 Properties of the elements in soils 58
3.7 Summary of important concepts for chemicals in the soil environment 75

4 Soil Water Chemistry 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Thermodynamic approach to aqueous soil chemistry 78
4.3 Calculation of ion activity 83
4.4 Acids and bases 86
4.5 Gas dissolution 89
4.6 Precipitation and dissolution reactions 91
4.7 Cation hydrolysis 102
4.8 Complexation 105
4.9 Using software to predict soil solution equilibrium 110
4.10 Kinetics of chemical reaction in soil solution 111
4.11 Summary of important concepts for soil solution chemistry 116

5 Redox Reactions in Soils 119
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 Redox reactions in nature 121
5.3 Basic approaches for characterizing soil redox processes 126
5.4 The role of protons in redox reactions 133
5.5 Redox potential limits in natural systems 133
5.6 pe-pH diagrams 135
5.7 Prediction of oxidation and reduction reactions in soils 137
5.8 Redox measurement in soils 141
5.9 Soil redoximorphic features and iron reduction in wetlands 142
5.10 Nitrogen redox reactions in soils 144
5.11 Summary of important concepts in soil redox reactions 147

6 Mineralogy and Weathering Processes in Soils 150
6.1 Introduction 150
6.2 Common soil minerals 152
6.3 Crystal chemistry of minerals 153
6.4 Common primary mineral silicates in soils 161
6.5 Minerals and elements in rocks 164
6.6 Stability of silicates to weathering 165
6.7 Chemistry of soil weathering and mineral formation 167
6.8 Formation of secondary minerals in soils 170
6.9 Soil carbonates 174
6.10 Evaporites 176
6.11 Soil phosphate minerals 177
6.12 Sulfur minerals 177
6.13 Time sequence of mineral formation in soils 178
6.14 Measurement of soil mineralogy 180
6.15 Important concepts in soil mineralogy 184

7 Chemistry of Soil Clays 186
7.1 Introduction 186
7.2 Structural characteristics of phyllosilicates 187
7.3 Relation of phyllosilicate structure to physical and chemical properties 193
7.4 Detailed properties of phyllosilicates 199
7.5 Allophane and imogolite 204
7.6 Zeolite 205
7.7 Oxide minerals 205
7.8 Summary of soil clays 210

8 Production and Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter 214
8.1 Introduction 214
8.2 Ecosystem carbon storage and fluxes 217
8.3 Soil organic matter formation factors 219
8.4 Organic chemistry of SOM 221
8.5 Plant and microbial compounds input into soil 223
8.6 SOM decay processes 225
8.7 SOM composition and struc...