Geochemistry - William M. White

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Résumé :

Preface xv

About the companion website xvii

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Beginnings 1

1.3 Geochemistry in the twenty-first century 3

1.4 The philosophy of science 4

1.4.1 Building scientific understanding 4

1.4.2 The scientist as skeptic 5

1.5 Elements, atoms, crystals, and chemical bonds: some chemical fundamentals 6

1.5.1 The periodic table 6

1.5.2 Electrons and orbits 7

1.5.3 Some chemical properties of the elements 9

1.5.4 Chemical bonding 12

1.5.5 Molecules, crystals, and minerals 14

1.6 A brief look at the Earth 19

1.6.1 Structure of the Earth 19

1.6.2 Plate tectonics and the hydrologic cycle 20

1.7 A look ahead 22

References and suggestions for further reading 30

Chapter 2: Energy, entropy, and fundamental thermodynamic concepts 31

2.1 The thermodynamic perspective 31

2.2 Thermodynamic systems and equilibrium 32

2.2.1 Fundamental thermodynamic variables 34

2.2.2 Properties of state 34

2.3 Equations of state 35

2.3.1 Ideal gas law 35

2.3.2 Equations of state for real gases 36

2.3.3 Equation of state for other substances 37

2.4 Temperature, absolute zero, and the zeroth law of thermodynamics 37

2.5 Energy and the first law of thermodynamics 38

2.5.1 Energy 38

2.5.2 Work 39

2.5.3 Path independence, exact differentials, state functions, and the first law 40

2.6 The second law and entropy 41

2.6.1 Statement 41

2.6.2 Statistical mechanics: a microscopic perspective of entropy 42

2.6.3 Integrating factors and exact differentials 48

2.7 Enthalpy 50

2.8 Heat capacity 51

2.8.1 Constant volume heat capacity 52

2.8.2 Constant pressure heat capacity 52

2.8.3 Energy associated with volume and the relationship between C_v and C_p 52

2.8.4 Heat capacity of solids: a problem in quantum physics 53

2.8.5 Relationship of entropy to other state variables 58

2.8.6 Additive nature of silicate heat capacities 58

2.9 The third law and absolute entropy 59

2.9.1 Statement of the third law 59

2.9.2 Absolute entropy 59

2.10 Calculating enthalpy and entropy changes 60

2.10.1 Enthalpy changes due to changes in temperature and pressure 60

2.10.2 Changes in enthalpy due to reactions and change of state 61

2.10.3 Entropies of reaction 62

2.11 Free energy 65

2.11.1 Helmholtz free energy 65

2.11.2 Gibbs free energy 65

2.11.3 Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity 65

2.11.4 Temperature and pressure dependence of the Gibbs free energy 66

2.12 The Maxwell relations 69

2.13 Summary 70

References and suggestions for further reading 71

Problems 71

Chapter 3: Solutions and thermodynamics of multicomponent systems 74

3.1 Introduction 74

3.2 Phase equilibria 75

3.2.1 Some definitions 75

3.2.2 The Gibbs phase rule 77

3.2.3 The Clapeyron equation 78

3.3 Solutions 80

3.3.1 Raoult's law 80

3.3.2 Henry's law 81

3.4 Chemical potential 81

3.4.1 Partial molar quantities 81

3.4.2 Definition of chemical potential and relationship to Gibbs free energy 82

3.4.3 Properties of the chemical potential 82

3.4.4 The Gibbs-Duhem relation 83

3.4.5 Derivation of the phase rule 84

3.5 Ideal solutions 84

3.5.1 Chemical potential in ideal solutions 84

3.5.2 Volume, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy changes in ideal solutions 84

3.6 Real solutions 86

3.6.1 ...

Biographie:
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Sommaire:

WILLIAM M. WHITE received his B.Sc. in Geology from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the University of Rhode Island. He is a professor of earth and atmospheric sciences at Cornell University where he teaches geochemistry. He has been elected a fellow at the Geochemical Society/European Association of Geochemistry and the AGU and named as an ISI highly cited researcher....