Circannual Rhythms - Gwinner, Eberhard

. .

Sommaire:
1. Introduction.- 1.1 The Phenomenon of Annual Rhythmicity.- 1.2 Ultimate and Proximate Factors in the Control of Annual Rhythms.- 1.3 Circannual Rhythms.- 1.4 Hierarchical Organization of Proximate Factors.- 1.5 Early Suggestions of Circannual Rhythms.- 1.6 Some Definitions and Delimitations.- 2. Evidence for Circannual Rhythms.- 2.1 Typical Cases.- 2.2 Atypical Cases.- 3. Properties of Free-Running Circannual Rhythms.- 3.1 Degree of Persistence and Range of Permissive Conditions.- 3.2 Range of Circannual Period Length and Transients.- 3.3 Dependence of Period on External Conditions.- 3.4 Innateness of Circannual Rhythms.- 3.5 Comparison with Circadian Rhythms.- 4. Synchronization of Circannual Rhythms.- 4.1 Zeitgebers.- 4.2 Ranges of Entrainment.- 4.3 Behavoir Within the Range of Entrainment.- 4.4 Comparison with Circadian Rhythms and Some Conclusions.- 5. Mechanisms of Circannual Organization.- 5.1 Interactions with the Circadian System.- 5.2 Interrelationship Among Different Circannual Functions. Or: One or Several Circannual Clocks?.- 5.3 Components of Specific Circannual Functions.- 5.4 Conclusions.- 6. Adaptive Significance of Circannual Rhythms.- 6.1 General Advantages of Circannual Rhythms.- 6.2 Specific Functions of Circannual Timing Mechanisms.- 6.3 Conclusions and Perspective.- Appendix. General Oscillator Model and Terminology.- References.- Systematic Index.