The Pupil - Alexandridis, Evangelos

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Sommaire:
1: The Normal Pupil.- I. An Introductory Discussion of Anatomy as It Relates to the Pupil.- A. Anatomy of the Iris Musculature.- B. Efferent Pathways of the Pupil.- C. Afferent Pathway of the Pupillary Light Reflex.- D. Cortico-Pretectal Connections?.- E. Supranuclear Pathway for the Near-Vision Reflex (Pupillary Synkinesis).- II. Pupil Size.- A. Variations of Pupil Size.- B. Apparent Pupil Size (Entrance Pupil).- III. Pharmacologic Effects on the Pupil.- A. Locally Administered Pupil-Active Agents.- IV. Reflex Changes in the Pupil.- A. Pupillary Unrest (Pupillary Oscillations).- B. Pupillary Responses to Light.- C. Accommodation-Convergence Synkinesis.- D. The Pupil in Sleep.- E. Psychosensory Reflex Dilation of the Pupil.- F. Stimulation of the Vestibular Apparatus.- G. The Orbicularis Phenomenon.- H. The Trigeminal Reflex.- 2: Examination of the Pupil.- I. Methods and Instrumentation.- A. Methods of Direct Observation.- B. Entoptic Methods.- C. Photographic Methods of Examination.- D. Infrared Reflex Pupillography: The Heidelberg Pupillograph.- E. Electronic Scanning of the Eye (Television Pupillometry).- F. The Pupillogram.- II. Pupillary Light Reflexes in the Evaluation of Retinal Function.- A. Evaluation of Normal Retinal Function.- B. Evaluation of Abnormal Retinal Function.- C. Objective Perimetry.- 3: The Abnormal Pupil.- I. Irregularities of the Pupil.- A. Malformations and Anomalies of the Iris.- B. Progressive Essential Iris Atrophy.- C. Trauma.- D. Tumors of the Iris.- E. Inflammatory Diseases of the Iris.- II. Pupillary Disturbances Accompanying Neuroophthalmologic Diseases.- A. Lesions of the Afferent Pupillary Pathway.- B. Examination and Differential Diagnosis of Afferent Pupillary Disturbances.- C. Lesions of the Midbrain (Involving the Pretecto-Oculomotor Tract).- D. Lesions of the Efferent Pupillary Pathways.- E. Pharmacodynamic Tests for the Differential Diagnosis of Efferent Pupillary Disturbances.- F. Periodic Pupillary Disturbances.- G. Paradoxical Pupillary Reactions.- H. Pupillary Disturbance in Epilepsy.- III. Pupillary Disturbances Due to Poisonings.- A. Poisonings Characterized by Mydriasis.- B. Poisonings Characterized by Miosis.- C. Hippus and Episodic Pupillary Changes Due to Poisonings.- References.