Vertebrate Red Blood Cells - Nikinmaa, Mikko

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Sommaire:
1. Introduction.- 2. Erythropoiesis and the Control of Circulating Red Cell Number.- 2.1 Erythropoietic Sites.- 2.2 Mammalian Erythropoiesis.- 2.3 Erythropoiesis in Nonmammalian Vertebrates.- 2.4 Senescence of Red Blood Cells.- 2.5 Erythropoiesis-Independent Factors Increasing Circulating Red Cell Number.- 3. The Biosynthesis and Structure of Haemoglobin.- 3.1 Uptake of Iron into Erythroid Cells.- 3.2 Haem Synthesis.- 3.3 Globin Synthesis.- 3.4 Subunit Assembly of Haemoglobin.- 3.5 Haemoglobin Structure in Vertebrates.- 4. Structure of Circulating Red Cells.- 4.1 General Anatomy of the Cell.- 4.2 The Red Cell Membrane.- 5. Red Cells in Circulation: Factors Affecting Red Cell Shape and Deformability.- 5.1 Blood Viscosity.- 5.2 Deformability of Red Cells.- 6. Energy Metabolism and Regulation of Organic Phosphate Concentrations.- 6.1 Energy Consumption.- 6.2 Transport of Substrates into the Red Cells.- 6.3 Glycolysis.- 6.4 Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Glutathione Metabolism.- 6.5 Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation.- 6.6 Organic Phosphate Metabolism.- 6.7 Cellular Control of Red Cell Organic Phosphate Concentrations.- 7. Major Ion Transporting Pathways.- 7.1 Electrodiffusive Leak.- 7.2 Ion Channels.- 7.3 Anion Exchange.- 7.4 Ion Transport Coupled to Sodium or Potassium Gradient.- 7.5 Active Transport.- 7.6 Membrane Potential.- 8. Control of Volume and pH.- 8.1 The Basic Model: Control of Red Cell pH and Volume in the Absence of Significant Secondarily Active Transport.- 8.2 Mammalian Red Cells.- 8.3 Avian Red Cells.- 8.4 Reptilian Red Cells.- 8.5 Amphibian Red Cells.- 8.6 Fish Red Cells.- 9. Carbon Dioxide Transport.- 9.1 Distribution of Total Carbon Dioxide Content Between Red Cells and Plasma.- 9.2 Carbon Dioxide - Bicarbonate Equilibria.- 9.3 Formation ofCarbamino Compounds.- 9.4 Mechanisms of Carbon Dioxide Excretion.- 10. Oxygen Transport.- 10.1 Haemoglobin-Oxygen Equilibria - Basic Principles.- 10.2 Methods for Determining Blood/Haemoglobin Oxygen Content and Oxygen Equilibrium Curves.- 10.3 Molecular Aspects of Haemoglobin-Oxygen Binding.- 10.4 Formation and Reduction of Methaemoglobin.- 10.5 Cellular and Molecular Adaptations of Haemoglobin Function to Variations in Respiratory Requirements.- References.