Utilization of Residual Forest Biomass - Hakkila, Pentti

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Sommaire:
1 Introduction.- 2 Residual Forest Biomass as a Raw Material Reserve.- 2.1 Biomass Components of a Tree.- 2.2 Composition of Whole-Tree Biomass.- 2.3 Biomass of an Entire Stand.- 2.4 Forest Biomass Inventory.- 2.5 Quantity of Residue in Practical Logging Operations.- 3 Technical Properties of Residual Tree Components.- 3.1 Anatomical Structure of Residual Tree Components.- 3.2 Cell Dimensions in Residual Tree Components.- 3.3 Chemical Composition of Residual Tree Components.- 3.4 Basic Density of Wood and Bark in Residual Tree Components.- 3.5 Heating Value of Residual Tree Components.- 4 Recovery of Residual Forest Biomass.- 4.1 Harvesting Whole Trees.- 4.2 Relogging Slash from Cutovers.- 4.3 Continuously Progressing Swath Harvesters.- 4.4 Harvesting Stump and Root Mass.- 5 Comminution of Residual Forest Biomass.- 5.1 The Purpose of Comminution.- 5.2 The Techniques of Comminution.- 5.3 Energy and Power Requirement in Comminution.- 5.4 Position of Comminution in the Harvesting Schedule.- 6 Trucking Residual Forest Biomass.- 6.1 Transport-Technical Characteristics of Residual Biomass.- 6.2 Improvement of Bulk Density by Compaction.- 6.3 Trucking Unlimbed Timber.- 6.4 Trucking Unprocessed Logging Residue.- 6.5 Trucking Comminuted Biomass.- 6.6 Alternatives to Trucking.- 7 Examples of Biomass Harvesting Systems.- 7.1 Whole-Tree Chipping Systems.- 7.2 Systems for Chipping Slash.- 7.3 Systems for Integrated Recovery of Crown Mass and Conventional Timber.- 7.4 Systems, for Harvesting Stump and Root Mass.- 8 Utilization of Residual Forest Biomass.- 8.1 Use of Chips as a Solid Fuel.- 8.2 Use of Residual Biomass for Pulp and Paper Products.- 8.3 Use of Residual Biomass for Panel Products.- 8.4 Use of Residual Biomass as a Feedstock for Chemicals.- 8.5 Use of Residual Forest Biomass for Fodder.- 8.6 Upgrading Residual Forest Biomass.- 9 Ecological Consequences of Residue Removal.- 9.1 Effect of Residue Removal on Nutrient Balance.- 9.2 Effect of Residue Removal on Regeneration and Growth.- 9.3 Effect of Residue Removal on Forest Health and Environment.- 9.4 Returning Nutrients to Forest Soil.- Scientific and Common Names of Tree Species.- Equivalents and Conversion Factors.- References.