High Temperature Corrosion - César a C Sequeira

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Résumé :

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Definition of High Temperature Corrosion 1

1.2 Historical Development 1

1.3 High Temperature Corrosion Phenomena 3

1.4 High Temperature Materials 3

1.5 Corrosive Environments 27

1.6 Films and Scales 31

1.7 Academic Impact of High Temperature Corrosion 33

1.8 Industrial Impact of High Temperature Corrosion 38

1.9 Questions 46

References 46

Further Reading 47

2 Metallurgical Structure and Metals 48

2.1 Imperfections in an Essentially Perfect Structure 48

2.2 Solidification 56

2.3 Alloys 62

2.4 Iron and Steel 72

2.5 Deformation and Recrystallization 79

2.6 Fracture and Fatigue 91

2.7 Questions and Problems 97

References 98

Further Reading 99

3 High Temperature Equilibria 100

3.1 Introduction 100

3.2 Thermochemical Analysis 100

3.3 Electrochemical Analysis 119

References 128

Further Reading 129

4 Lattice Defects in Metal Compounds 130

4.1 Introduction 130

4.2 Defect Reactions 133

4.3 Defect Equilibria 135

4.4 Equilibrium Constants 141

4.5 Questions 144

References 144

Further Reading 145

5 Diffusion in Solid-State Systems 146

5.1 Introduction 146

5.2 General Theory of Diffusion 146

5.3 Diffusion Coefficients 150

5.4 Matano-Boltzmann Analysis 153

5.5 Kirkendall Effect 154

5.6 Darken Analysis 155

5.7 Factors Influencing Diffusion 156

5.8 Impurity Diffusion in Metals 158

5.9 Grain Boundary Diffusion in Metals 158

5.10 Diffusion in Solid Oxides 160

5.11 Morphology of Reaction Products 163

5.12 Measurement of Diffusion Parameters 164

5.13 Questions and Problems 168

References 168

Further Reading 169

6 High Temperature Electrochemistry 171

6.1 Introduction 171

6.2 Electrochemical Nature of Molten Salt Corrosion 171

6.3 The Single Potential of an Electrode 172

6.4 Equilibrium Diagrams 173

6.5 The Tafel Relationship 173

6.6 Corrosion Potential-pO2?Relationship 175

6.7 Electrochemical Polarization and Monitoring 177

6.8 Electrochemical Nature of Metal Oxidation 179

6.9 Usefulness of Electrochemical Cells 181

6.10 Current-Potential Measurements on Solid Electrodes 182

6.11 Simple Concepts of Oxide Semiconductors 183

6.12 Conduction Processes in Ionic Oxides 186

6.13 Common Solid-State Electrochemical Situations 190

References 194

Further Reading 195

7 Oxidation 196

7.1 Introduction 196

7.2 Thermodynamic Considerations 197

7.3 Kinetic Considerations 199

7.4 Defect Structures 201

7.5 Compact Scale Growth 208

7.6 Multilayered Scale Growth 212

7.7 Oxidation Resistance 214

7.8 Oxidation of Engineering Materials 224

7.9 Conclusions 228

7.10 Questions 229

References 229

Further Reading 231

8 Sulfidation 233

8.1 Introduction 233

8.2 The Process of Sulfidation 233

8.3 Sulfidation Kinetics 235

8.4 Sulfidation of Selected Materials 236

8.5 Defect Structures of Metal Sulfides 240

8.6 Questions 243

References 243

Further Reading 244

9 Carburization and Metal Dusting 245

9.1 Introduction 245

9.2 Carburization 245

9.3 Alloy Resistance to Carburization 251

9.4 Metal Dusting Problem 255

9.5 Metal Dusting Mechan...

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Reviews the science and engineering of high-temperature corrosion and provides guidelines for selecting the best materials for an array of system processes

High-temperature corrosion (HTC) is a widespread problem in an array of industries, including power generation, aerospace, automotive, and mineral and chemical processing, to name a few. This book provides engineers, physicists, and chemists with a balanced presentation of all relevant basic science and engineering aspects of high-temperature corrosion. It covers most HTC types, including oxidation, sulfidation, nitridation, molten salts, fuel-ash corrosion, H2S/H2 corrosion, molten fluoride/HF corrosion, and carburization. It also provides corrosion data essential for making the appropriate choices of candidate materials for high-temperature service in process conditions.

A form of corrosion that does not require the presence of liquids, high-temperature corrosion occurs due to the interaction at high temperatures of gases, liquids, or solids with materials. HTC is a subject is of increasing importance in many areas of science and engineering, and students, researchers, and engineers need to be aware of the nature of the processes that occur in high-temperature materials and equipment in common use today, especially in the chemical, gas, petroleum, electric power, metal manufacturing, automotive, and nuclear industries.

• Provides engineers and scientists with the essential data needed to make the most informed decisions on materials selection
• Includes up-to-date information accompanied by more than 1,000 references, 80% of which from within the past fifteen years
• Includes details on systems of critical engineering importance, especially the corrosion induced by low-energy radionuclides
• Includes practical guidelines for testing and research in HTC, along with both the European and International Standards for high-temperature corrosion engineering

Offering balanced, in-depth coverage of the fundamental science behind and engineering of HTC, High Temperature Corrosion: Fundamentals and Engineering is a valuable resource for academic researchers, students, and professionals in the material sciences, solid state physics, solid state chemistry, electrochemistry, metallurgy, and mechanical, chemical, and structural engineers.?