Surfactant Aggregation - Clint, J. H.

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Sommaire:
1 Nature of Surfactants.- 1.1 Introduction to surfactants.- 1.2 Natural surfactants.- 1.3 Synthetic surfactants.- 1.4 Types of surfactant.- 1.5 Surface activity.- References.- 2 Adsorption at liquid interfaces.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Direct measurement of amount adsorbed.- 2.3 Adsorption studied via surface and interfacial tension measurement.- 2.4 Adsorption of ionic surfactants.- 2.5 Equations of state for adsorbed surfactants.- 2.6 Adsorption at the liquid/liquid interface.- 2.7 Ultra-low interfacial tensions.- 2.8 Physical properties of adsorbed monolayers.- 2.9 Dynamic aspects of adsorbed surfactants.- References.- 3 Insoluble monolayers.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Historical background.- 3.3 Phase changes and types of film.- 3.4 Ionised monolayers.- 3.5 X-ray and neutron scattering.- 3.6 Dynamic effects.- 3.7 Practical applications of insoluble monolayers.- References.- 4 Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Historical background.- 4.3 Types of monolayer deposition.- 4.4 Structure of multilayers.- 4.5 Applications of LB films.- 4.6 Self-assembly systems.- References.- 5 Micelle formation.- 5.1 Evidence for micelle formation.- 5.2 Structure of micelles.- 5.3 Dynamics of micellar aggregation.- 5.4 The critical micelle concentration (CMC).- 5.5 Thermodynamics of micelle formation.- 5.6 Solubilisation.- 5.7 Applications of micellar solutions.- References.- 6 Mixed-micelle formation.- 6.1 Qualitative observations.- 6.2 Thermodynamics of mixed-micelle formation.- 6.3 Thermodynamics of non-ideal mixed-micelle formation.- 6.4 Some major findings-surfactant synergisms.- 6.5 Further examples of mixed-micelle formation.- 6.6 Positive deviations from ideality-mixtures of perfluoro and hydrocarbon surfactants.- References.- 7 General phase behaviour ofsurfactants.- 7.1 General features of surfactant phase behaviour.- 7.2 The Krafft boundary.- 7.3 The cloud point.- 7.4 Mesomorphic phases.- 7.4.1 Quantitative phase diagram 'cuts'.- 7.4.2 Quantitative phase cuts-'diffusive interfacial transport'.- 7.4.3 General disposition of mesomorphic phases.- 7.4.4 Hexagonal phases H1 and H2.- 7.4.5 Lamellar phase L?.- 7.4.6 Cubic phases.- 7.4.7 Fluctuations close to phase boundaries.- 7.4.8 Physical state of molecules in liquid-crystal phases.- 7.4.9 The surfactant molecules.- 7.4.10 The state of water molecules.- 7.4.11 Other lyotropic liquid-crystalline phases.- 7.4.12 Applications of surfactant phase information.- References.- 8 Dispersions of surfactant aggregates.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Vesicles and liposomes.- 8.3 Applications of liposomes.- 8.4 Dispersions of crystals.- References.- 9 Adsorption on solids.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Adsorption at very low concentration.- 9.3 Lateral interactions between adsorbed surfactant molecules.- 9.4 Effect of surfactant structure on adsorption.- 9.5 Stabilisation of dispersions.- 9.6 Other applications.- References.- 10 Microemulsions.- 10.1 Definition of microemulsions.- 10.2 Use of co-surfactants.- 10.3 Interfacial tension in microemulsions.- 10.4 Properties of microemulsions.- 10.5 Applications of microemulsions.- References.- 11 Surfactant bilayers, foams and emulsions.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Soap films.- 11.3 Measurement of film thickness.- 11.4 Foams and foam stability.- 11.5 Lipid bilayers.- 11.6 Formation and stability of emulsions.- References.