High Value Fermentation Products, Volume 1 -

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Résumé :

Foreword xvii

About the Editors xix

List of Contributors xxi

Preface xxv

Acknowledgement xxvii

1 Introduction, Scope and Significance of Fermentation Technology 1
Saurabh Saran, Alok Malaviya and Asha Chaubey

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background of Fermentation Technology 2

1.3 Market of Fermentation Products 3

1.4 Types of Fermentation 4

1.4.1 Solid State Fermentation (SSF) 4

1.4.2 Submerged Fermentation (SmF) 7

1.4.3 Solid State (SSF) vs. Submerged (SmF) Fermentation 9

1.5 Classification of Fermentation 9

1.6 Design and Parts of Fermentors 10

1.7 Types of Fermentor 15

1.7.1 Stirred Tank Fermentor 15

1.7.2 Airlift Fermentor 16

1.7.3 Bubble Column Fermentor 17

1.7.4 Fluidized Bed Fermentor 18

1.7.5 Packed Bed Fermentor 19

1.7.6 Photo Bioreactor 19

1.8 Industrial Applications of Fermentation Technology 21

1.9 Scope and Global Market of Fermentation Technology 22

1.10 Conclusions 23

References 24

2 Extraction of Bioactive Molecules through Fermentation and Enzymatic Assisted Technologies 27
Ram?n Larios-Cruz, Liliana Londo?o-Hern?ndez, Ricardo G?mez-Garc?a, Ivanoe Garc?a, Leonardo Sepulveda, Ra?l Rodr?guez-Herrera and Crist?bal N. Aguilar

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Definition of Bioactives Compounds 29

2.2.1 Polyphenols and Polypeptides 29

2.2.2 Importance and Applications of Bioactive Compounds 29

2.2.3 Bioactive Peptides 31

2.3 Traditional Processes for Obtaining Bioactive Compounds 33

2.3.1 Soxhlet Extraction 33

2.3.2 Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Liquid Extraction 34

2.3.3 Maceration Extraction 35

2.4 Fermentation and Enzymatic Technologies for Obtaining Bioactive Compounds 35

2.4.1 Soft Chemistry in Bioactive Compounds 35

2.4.2 Biotransformation of Bioactive Compounds 36

2.4.3 Enzymatic and Fermentation Technologies 39

2.5 Use of Agroindustrial Waste in the Fermentation Process 45

2.5.1 Cereal Wastes 46

2.5.2 Fruit and Plant Waste 46

2.6 General Parameters in the Optimization of Fermentation Processes 49

2.6.1 Response Surface Methodology 49

2.6.2 First-Order Model 49

2.6.3 Second-Order Model 49

2.7 Final Comments 52

Acknowledgements 52

References 52

3 Antibiotics Against Gram Positive Bacteria 61
Rahul Vikram Singh, Hitesh Sharma, Anshela Koul and Vikash Babu

3.1 Introduction 61

3.2 Target of Antibiotics Against Gram Positive Bacteria 64

3.2.1 Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibition 65

3.2.2 Protein Synthesis Inhibition 70

3.2.3 DNA Synthesis Inhibition 72

3.3 Antibiotics Production Processes 72

3.4 Conclusion 75

References 76

4 Antibiotic Against Gram-Negative Bacteria 79
Maryam Faiyaz, Shikha Gupta and Divya Gupta

4.1 Introduction 79

4.2 Gram-Negative Bacteria and Antibiotics 80

4.2.1 ?-Lactam Drugs 81

4.2.2 Macrolide 82

4.2.3 Aminoglycosides 84

4.2.4 Fluoroquinolones 84

4.3 Production of Antibiotics 85

4.3.1 Strain Development 85

4.3.2 Media Formulation and Optimization 88

4.3.3 Fermentation 90

4.3.4 Downstream Processing and Purification 92

4.3.5 Quality Control 95

4.4 Conclusion 95

References 96

5 Role of Antifungal Drugs in Combating Invasive Fungal Diseases 103
Kakoli Dutt

5.1 Introduction 103

5.2 Antifungal Agents 105

5.2.1 Azoles 114

5.2.2 Polyenes 115

5.2.3 Allylamine/Thiocarbonates 116

5.2.4 Othe...

Biographie:
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Sommaire:
Emphasizing on Taxol Production 401
Sanjog Garyali, Puja Tandon, M. Sudhakara Reddy and Yong Wang

18.1 Introduction 401

18.2 Taxol: History and Clinical Impact 403

18.3 Endophytes 403

18.3.1 Biodiversity of Endophytes 405

18.3.2 Endophyte vs. Host Plant: the Relationship 405

18.4 The Plausibility of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) Hypothesis 407

18.5 Endophytes as Biological Factories of Functional Metabolites 409

18.6 Taxol Producing Endophytic Fungi 410

18.7 Molecular Basis of Taxol Production by Taxus Plants (Taxol Biosynthetic Pathway) 412

18.8 Metabolic Engineering for Synthesis of Taxol: Next Generation Tool 416

18.8.1 Plant Cell Culture 417

18.8.2 Microbial Metabolic Engineering for Synthesis of Taxol and Its Precursors 418

18.8.3 Metabolic Engineering in Heterologous Plant for Synthesis of Taxol and Its Precursors 420

18.9 Future Perspectives 421

Acknowledgements 423

References 423

Index 431