Communes and Workers' Control in Venezuela - Dario Azzellini

Acknowledgements
Abbreviations

1. Introduction
1.1 Venezuela's specific path
1.2 The dilemma of the state
1.3 Two-track construction
1.4 Local self-government, communal councils (CCs), and communes
1.5 Cooperatives, co-management, self-management, and workers' control
1.6 The revolution without Ch?vez

2. Class, Constituent Power, and Popular Power
2.1 Updating the concept of class
Theoretical notes on class and multitude
Class composition and breadth in Venezuela
2.2 Socio-territorial segregation and class formation
2.3 From taking power to process: Constituent power and popular power
Crisis as a motor of history: Constituent power vs. constituted power
The popular constituent process
The simultaneity of foci: Resistance, insurrection and constituent power
Popular power: The knowledge of resistance

3. Movements and Alternative Construction in Venezuela
3.1 Social movements or popular movements?
3.2 The historical current for change and the ruptures of the continuum
3.3 The new framework of action
3.4 Popular actors and autonomous construction
The Bol?var and Zamora Revolutionary Current
The Settlers' Movement
National Network of Communards

4. The Communal Councils: Local Self-Administration and Social Transformation
4.1 Participatory budgeting
The failed CLPP initiative
Metropolitan Council for Planning Public Policies (CMPPP)
The Municipal Constituent
The Local Work Cabinets in Caracas
4.2 The communal councils
The genesis of the CCs
Makeup and structure
Rigid law and flexible praxis
Financing and financial administration
Projects
Decentralisation or centralisation
Development, situation, and contradictions
Relationship between CCs and institutions
CCs and popular movements
Relations between CCs and communities
The appropriation of CCs by communities and the question of the state
4.3 The CCs as a means of participation in the barrios of Caracas
The 'Emiliano Hern?ndez' Communal Council, Magallanes de Catia, Caracas
The CC as a body of self-administration
Participation as a process of development and of social recognition
Participation as a process of democratisation and of building collectivity
The CC 'Unidos por el Chapul?n', Parroquia Nuestra Sra. del Rosario, Baruta
CCs in Caracas: Conclusions
Participation
Relationship between communities and institutions

5. New Collective Business Paradigms
5.1 Cooperatives
Roots of cooperativism in Venezuela
Governmental policies of support for cooperatives
Limitations of state support for cooperatives
Internal organisation of cooperatives
The problematisation of cooperativism
5.2 New entrepreneurial models
Private enterprise and co-management
Co-management in state businesses
Social Production Companies

6. Workers' Control, Workers' Councils, and Class Struggle
6.1 Recuperated companies and nationalisation
6.2 Workers' control and workers' councils
The movement for workers' control
The Socialist Workers' Councils
The CVG and the 2009-19 Socialist Guayana Plan
6.3 Workers' control: The example of Inveval
From the struggle for pay to the struggle for the factory
The workers abandon the cooperative and form a council
6.4 Alcasa: Class struggle for productive transformation against bureaucracy and corruption
Revolutionary co-management
The victory of bureaucracy and corruption
Workers' control returns
The organisational structure of the new Alcasa
Worker inventiveness workshops
The Alcasa initiatives and the institutional embargo
The attack on workers' control and the negation of the Socialist Guayana Plan
6.5 New struggles...