Chemical Process Technology - Annelies E. van Diepen

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Résumé :

Preface xiii

1 Introduction 1

References 6

General Literature 6

2 The Chemical Industry 7

2.1 A Brief History 7

2.1.1 Inorganic Chemicals 7

2.1.2 Organic Chemicals 10

2.1.3 The Oil Era 11

2.1.4 The Age of Sustainability 12

2.2 Structure of the Chemical Industry 13

2.3 Raw Materials and Energy 16

2.3.1 Fossil Fuel Consumption and Reserves 16

2.3.2 Biomass as an Alternative for Fossil Fuels 19

2.3.3 Energy and the Chemical Industry 21

2.3.4 Composition of Fossil Fuels and Biomass 23

2.4 Base Chemicals 35

2.5 Global Trends in the Chemical Industry 37

References 39

General Literature 40

3 Processes in the Oil Refinery 41

3.1 The Oil Refinery ? An Overview 41

3.2 Physical Processes 42

3.2.1 Desalting and Dehydration 42

3.2.2 Crude Distillation 43

3.2.3 Propane Deasphalting 45

3.3 Thermal Processes 46

3.3.1 Visbreaking 46

3.3.2 Delayed Coking 47

3.3.3 Flexicoking 48

3.4 Catalytic Processes 49

3.4.1 Octane and Cetane Numbers 49

3.4.2 Catalytic Cracking 51

3.4.3 Catalytic Reforming 63

3.4.4 Alkylation 69

3.4.5 Hydroprocessing 76

3.5 Current and Future Trends in Oil Refining 91

3.5.1 Stricter Environmental Regulations 92

3.5.2 Refinery Configurations 94

References 96

4 Production of Light Alkenes 99

4.1 Introduction 99

4.2 Cracking Reactions 100

4.2.1 Thermodynamics 100

4.2.2 Mechanism 101

4.2.3 Kinetics 102

4.3 The Industrial Process 103

4.3.1 Influence of Feedstock on Steam Cracker Operation and Products 103

4.3.2 Cracking Furnace 106

4.3.3 Heat Exchanger 109

4.3.4 Coke Formation 110

4.4 Product Processing 111

4.5 Novel Developments 113

4.5.1 Selective Dehydrogenation of Light Alkanes 114

4.5.2 Metathesis of Alkenes 116

4.5.3 Production of Light Alkenes from Synthesis Gas 118

4.5.4 Dehydration of Bioethanol 121

4.5.5 Direct Conversion of Methane 122

References 123

5 Production of Synthesis Gas 127

5.1 Introduction 127

5.2 Synthesis Gas from Natural Gas 129

5.2.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics 129

5.2.2 Steam Reforming Process 131

5.2.3 Autothermal Reforming Process 137

5.2.4 Novel Developments 139

5.3 Coal Gasification 142

5.3.1 Gasification Reactions 142

5.3.2 Thermodynamics 143

5.3.3 Gasification Technologies 146

5.3.4 Recent Developments in Gasification Technology 151

5.3.5 Applications of Coal Gasification 154

5.3.6 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 156

5.3.7 Why Gasify, Not Burn for Electricity Generation? 158

5.3.8 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 159

5.4 Cleaning and Conditioning of Synthesis Gas 161

5.4.1 Acid Gas Removal 161

5.4.2 Water-Gas Shift Reaction 163

5.4.3 Methanation 166

References 168

6 Bulk Chemicals and Synthetic Fuels Derived from Synthesis Gas 171

6.1 Ammonia 171

6.1.1 Background Information 171

6.1.2 Thermodynamics 173

6.1.3 Commercial Ammonia Synthesis Reactors 175

6.1.4 Ammonia Synthesis Loop 178

6.1.5 Integrated Ammonia Plant 180

6.1.6 Hydrogen Recovery 182

6.1.7 Production of Urea 185

6.2 Methanol 191

6.2.1 Background Information 191

6.2.2 Reactions, Thermodynamics, and Catalysts 192

6.2.3 Synthesis Gas for Methanol Production 195

6.2.4 Methanol Synthesis 196

6.2.5 Production of Formaldehyde 199

6.3 Synthetic ...

Biographie:
JACOB A. MOULIJN, MICHIEL MAKKEE and ANNELIES E. VAN DIEPEN
Catalysis Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands...

Sommaire:

With a focus on actual industrial processes, e.g. the production of light alkenes, synthesis gas, fine chemicals, polyethene, it encourages the reader to think out of the box and invent and develop novel unit operations and processes. Reflecting today's emphasis on sustainability, this edition contains new coverage of biomass as an alternative to fossil fuels, and process intensification.

The second edition includes:

• New chapters on Process Intensification and Processes for the Conversion of Biomass
• Updated and expanded chapters throughout with 35% new material overall
• Text boxes containing case studies and examples from various different industries, e.g. synthesis loop designs, Sasol I Plant, Kaminsky catalysts, production of Ibuprofen, click chemistry, ammonia synthesis, fluid catalytic cracking
• Questions throughout to stimulate debate and keep students awake!
• Richly illustrated chapters with improved figures and flow diagrams

Chemical Process Technology, Second Edition is a comprehensive introduction, linking the fundamental theory and concepts to the applied nature of the subject. It will be invaluable to students of chemical engineering, biotechnology and industrial chemistry, as well as practising chemical engineers.

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From reviews of the first edition:

The authors have blended process technology, chemistry and thermodynamics in an elegant manner... Overall this is a welcome addition to books on chemical technology. - The Chemist

Impressively wide-ranging and comprehensive... an excellent textbook for students, with a combination of fundamental knowledge and technology. - Chemistry in Britain (now Chemistry World)