Dependable Computing - Nakka, Nithin M.

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Résumé :

About the Authors xxiii

Preface xxv

Acknowledgments xxvii

About the Companion Website xxix

1 Dependability Concepts and Taxonomy 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Placing Classical Dependability Techniques in Perspective 2

1.3 Taxonomy of Dependable Computing 4

1.3.1 Faults, Errors, and Failures 5

1.4 Fault Classes 6

1.5 The Fault Cycle and Dependability Measures 6

1.6 Fault and Error Classification 7

1.7 Mean Time Between Failures 11

1.8 User- perceived System Dependability 13

1.9 Technology Trends and Failure Behavior 14

1.10 Issues at the Hardware Level 15

1.11 Issues at the Platform Level 17

1.12 What is Unique About this Book? 18

1.13 Overview of the Book 19

References 20

2 Classical Dependability Techniques and Modern Computing Systems: Where and How Do They Meet? 25

2.1 Illustrative Case Studies of Design for Dependability 25

2.2 Cloud Computing: A Rapidly Expanding Computing Paradigm 31

2.3 New Application Domains 37

2.4 Insights 52

References 52

3 Hardware Error Detection and Recovery Through Hardware- Implemented Techniques 57

3.1 Introduction 57

3.2 Redundancy Techniques 58

3.3 Watchdog Timers 67

3.4 Information Redundancy 69

3.5 Capability and Consistency Checking 93

3.6 Insights 93

References 96

4 Processor Level Error Detection and Recovery 101

4.1 Introduction 101

4.2 Logic- level Techniques 104

4.3 Error Protection in the Processors 115

4.4 Academic Research on Hardware- level Error Protection 122

4.5 Insights 134

References 137

5 Hardware Error Detection Through Software- Implemented Techniques 141

5.1 Introduction 141

5.2 Duplication- based Software Detection Techniques 142

5.3 Control- Flow Checking 146

5.4 Heartbeats 166

5.5 Assertions 173

5.6 Insights 174

References 175

6 Software Error Detection and Recovery Through Software Analysis 179

6.1 Introduction 179

6.2 Diverse Programming 183

6.3 Static Analysis Techniques 194

6.4 Error Detection Based on Dynamic Program Analysis 217

6.5 Processor- Level Selective Replication 233

6.6 Runtime Checking for Residual Software Bugs 239

6.7 Data Audit 242

6.8 Application of Data Audit Techniques 246

6.9 Insights 252

References 253

7 Measurement- based Analysis of System Software: Operating System Failure Behavior 261

7.1 Introduction 261

7.2 MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage) 262

7.3 Experimental Analysis of OS Dependability 273

7.4 Behavior of the Linux Operating System in the Presence of Errors 275

7.5 Evaluation of Process Pairs in Tandem GUARDIAN 295

7.6 Benchmarking Multiple Operating Systems: A Case Study Using Linux on Pentium, Solaris on SPARC, and AIX on POWER 308

7.7 Dependability Overview of the Cisco Nexus Operating System 326

7.8 Evaluating Operating Systems: Related Studies 330

7.9 Insights 331

References 332

8 Reliable Networked and Distributed Systems 337

8.1 Introduction 337

8.2 System Model 339

8.3 Failure Models 340

8.4 Agreement Protocols 342

8.5 Reliable Broadcast 346

8.6 Reliable Group Communication 351

8.7 Replication 358

8.8 Replication of Multithreaded Applications 370

8.9 Atomic Commit 396

8.10 Opportunities and Challenges in Resource- Disaggregated Cloud Data Centers 400

References 405

9 Checkpointing and Rollback Error Recover...