Lens Design for Imaging - Herbert Gross

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Résumé :

Preface of the Book Series xv

Preface of the First Volume xvi

Acknowledgements xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Modelling and Goal of Lens Design 2

1.2 Optical System Types and Aperture Field Classification 3

References 10

2 Optical Materials 13

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Dispersion 14

2.3 Group Velocity Dispersion and Short Pulses 37

2.4 Absorption and Transmission 42

2.5 Thermal Properties 46

2.6 Other Optical Materials 49

References 57

3 Geometrical Optics 61

3.1 Introduction 61

3.2 Law of Refraction 61

3.3 Fresnel Formulas 65

3.4 Raytrace 74

3.5 Paraxial Approximation 100

3.6 Matrix Calculus 108

3.7 Helmholtz-Lagrange Invariant 120

3.8 Delano Diagram 124

3.9 Gaussian Brackets 129

References 133

4 Optical Components 137

4.1 Overview 137

4.2 Single Refractive Spherical Surface 137

4.3 Plane Plates 138

4.4 Lenses 143

4.5 Mirrors 157

4.6 Aspheres 158

4.7 Freeform Surfaces 171

4.8 Special Component Types 185

4.9 Gradient Index Lenses 209

4.10 Prisms 214

4.11 Diffractive Elements 222

4.12 Diffusor Plates 234

References 238

5 Imaging Systems 243

5.1 Introduction 243

5.2 Geometrical Imaging 247

5.3 Magnification, Field of View, Aperture and Vergence 257

5.4 Pupil 264

5.5 Vignetting 269

5.6 Infinity Cases for Field and Pupil 281

5.7 Imaging with Mirrors 287

5.8 Imaging Without Rotational Symmetry 292

5.9 Miscellaneous 305

References 309

6 Diffraction and Point Spread Function 311

6.1 Diffraction Phenomena 311

6.2 Calculation of Diffraction Effects 316

6.3 Point Spread Function in Optical Systems 337

6.4 PSF in Case of Apodization 343

6.5 Focusing at Low Fresnel Numbers 347

6.6 Focusing at High Numerical Aperture 350

6.7 PSF for Compound Systems 359

6.8 Cascaded Diffraction in Optical Systems 365

6.9 Miscellaneous 372

6.10 Field in a Tilted Plane 383

References 389

7 Optical Transfer Function 395

7.1 Spatial Frequency Concept 395

7.2 Optical Transfer Function 397

7.3 Miscellaneous 410

7.4 OTF of Cascaded Systems 420

References 423

8 Gaussian Beams 425

8.1 Introduction 425

8.2 Gaussian Beam Transformation 429

8.3 Astigmatic Beams 437

8.4 Ray Equivalent of Gaussian Beams 440

8.5 Truncated Gaussian Beams 445

8.6 Gaussian Beams Beyond the Paraxial Approximation 449

8.7 Gaussian Beam with Spherical Aberration 452

8.8 Single Mode Fibre Coupling with Gaussian Beam 454

8.9 Partial Coherent Gauss-Schell Beams 456

References 459

9 Photometry and Radiometry 463

9.1 Introduction 463

9.2 Lambertian Source 466

9.3 Radiometric Transfer of Energy 467

9.4 Radiometry of Optical Systems 477

9.5 Radiometry with Partial Coherent Light 485

References 488

10 Phase Space Representation 491

10.1 General Aspects 491

10.2 Geometrical Ray Model 495

10.3 Wigner Distribution Function 500

10.4 Photometry in Phase Space 508

10.5 Miscellaneous 515

References 521

11 Computation and Digital Processing of Images 523

11.1 Introduction 523

11.2 Image Computation 523

11.3 Confocal Imaging 538

11.4 Anisoplanatic Imaging 543

11.5 Digital Imaging Processing 554

11.6 Image Quality Metrics 559

11.7 Digital Image Resto...

Biographie:

Herbert Gross has 30 years' experience designing optical systems at Zeiss AG and has spent 12 years teaching and conducting research at the University of Jena, Germany. His unique background spans both industrial lens design and academic research, providing him with deep insights into both the theoretical foundations and practical challenges of optical system development....

Sommaire:

Master the foundational principles that drive successful optical system design in modern imaging applications

Lens Design for Imaging - Volume 1: Fundamentals of Optical Systems, by Herbert Gross, delivers a comprehensive discussion of the theoretical foundations of optical systems. Gross draws on his extensive industrial and academic experience in lens design to close the gap between purely theoretical examinations of lens design and practical application. The author provides a systematic and robust methodology for lens design that guides you through the conceptual design, analysis, and optimization of complex imaging systems across diverse applications. In this first volume the basic preconditions to understand optical imaging systems are presented.

The book covers twelve domains of optical system fundamentals, from material properties and geometrical optics to advanced topics, like diffraction theory, Fourier optics, and digital image processing. Each chapter combines rigorous theory with illustrations and hands-on examples, making complex concepts accessible while maintaining the mathematical depth demanded by professional practice. Lens Design for Imaging - Volume 1 encompasses the necessary knowledge and critical review about optical materials dispersion, the geometrical optics approximation, ray tracing methodologies, component design principles, imaging system theory, physical optics effects, and modern computational approaches.

Readers will also find:

• Comprehensive coverage of optical materials including dispersion models, in particular for short pulse systems, absorption and thermal properties, and specialized materials for UV, IR, and consumer applications
• Detailed ray tracing methods with complete equation sets for aspherical surfaces, gradient media, and diffractive elements
• Presentation of physical models for diffraction effects, point spread functions, and optical transfer functions of optical systems, with practical calculation schemes with discussion of approximations and limitations
• Advanced topics, including Gaussian beam propagation, limits of Gaussian beam models, photometric analysis, and phase space representations for system analysis
• An integrated approach to digital imaging methods covering realistic image simulation, enhancement techniques, and modern imaging modalities

Perfect for optical engineers, lens designers, and advanced students in optics and photonics, Lens Design for Imaging - Volume 1 provides authoritative coverage of optical system fundamentals. It contains the systematic knowledge practitioners and students require to tackle complex design challenges....