Understanding Essential Chemistry - Max Diem

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Résumé :

Preface xi

About the Companion Website xiii

1 The Metric System and Mathematical Tools 1

1.1 Scientific Notation and Significant Figures 1

1.2 The Metric System 2

1.3 Manipulations of Exponential Expressions 4

1.4 Equations, Proportionality, and Graphs 5

1.5 Quadratic, Cubic, and Quartic Equations 7

1.6 Exponential Functions and Logarithms 8

1.7 Radial and Spherical Polar Coordinates 11

1.8 Differential and Integral Calculus 12

1.9 Differential Equations 14

1.10 Complex Numbers 15

2 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic System 17

2.1 Subatomic Particles and Atoms 17

2.2 Elements, Isotopes, and Ions 18

2.3 The Periodic Chart and Periodic Properties of the Elements 21

2.4 Definition of Atomic Masses, Avogadro's Number, and the Mole 26

Further Reading 28

3 Molecules, Compounds, Bonding, and Percent Composition 29

3.1 Ionic Compounds 29

3.2 Molecules with Covalent Bonds 30

3.3 Molecules with Polar Covalent Bonds and Lewis Structures 31

3.4 Molecular Compounds and the (Gram) Molecular Mass 37

3.5 Percent Composition and Empirical Formulae 38

Further Reading 39

4 Chemical Reactions 41

4.1 Chemical Reaction and Stoichiometry 41

4.2 Limiting Reagents, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield 42

4.3 Solutions: General Aspects 43

4.4 Solution Stoichiometry: Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction, Dilutions 45

4.5 Precipitation Reactions 47

Further Reading 49

5 Electronic Structure of Atoms 51

5.1 Description of Light as an Electromagnetic Wave 51

5.2 Particle Properties of Light and Wave-particle Duality 52

5.3 The Hydrogen Atom Emission Spectrum: Stationary Atomic States 55

5.4 Hydrogen Atom Orbitals 58

5.5 Atoms with Multiple Electrons: The Aufbau Principle Revisited 62

Further Reading 67

6 Chemical Bonding: Covalent Bonding, Molecular Geometries, and Polarity 69

6.1 General Aspects of Covalent Bonding 69

6.2 Lewis and VB Theory 69

6.3 Hybridization and Multiple Bonding 70

6.4 VSEPR Model 73

6.5 Molecular Polarity 75

6.6 MO Theory 76

Further Reading 81

7 Solids and Liquids: Bonding and Characteristics 83

7.1 Metals and Semiconductors 83

7.2 Ionic Solids 85

7.3 Covalent Solids 86

7.4 Intermolecular Forces 87

7.4.1 Hydrogen Bonding 87

7.4.2 Dipole-Dipole Interactions 88

7.4.3 London Dispersion Forces (Induced Dipole Forces) 89

7.5 Macromolecular Solids 89

7.6 Liquids and Solutions 90

7.6.1 General Aspects of Solutions and Solvation 90

7.6.2 Colligative Properties 90

Further Reading 93

8 The Gaseous State 95

8.1 General Properties of Gases 95

8.2 Empirical Gas Laws 97

8.3 The Ideal Gas Law 99

8.4 Real Gases 100

8.5 Gaseous Mixtures and Partial Pressures 101

8.6 Kinetic Theory of Gases 102

8.7 Diffusion and Effusion of Gases 104

Further Reading 106

9 Chemical Equilibrium 107

9.1 What Is a System at Equilibrium? 107

9.2 Liquid-Vapor Phase Equilibrium: Vapor Pressure 108

9.3 Temperature Dependence of Vapor Pressure 110

9.4 Chemical Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 113

9.5 Equilibrium Calculations 115

9.6 Direction of a Chemical Reaction and the Concentration Quotient Q 119

9.7 Numerical Determination of Equilibrium Constants from Experimental Data 120

9.8 Perturbations of Equilibria: Le Chatelier's Principle 120

9.9 Solubility and Solubility ...

Biographie:

Max Diem, PhD, FSAS, was based in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Northeastern University in Boston. He did his first degree at the University of Karlsruhe and then his PhD at the University of Toledo in OH. From 1978 to 2005, he rose through the ranks from Assistant Professor to Professor of Chemistry at the City University of New York (Hunter College) before moving to Northeastern University. His research interests are centered on the development of physical / optical methods for medical diagnosis in tissue diagnostics....

Sommaire:
Definition of pH and pOH 130

10.3 Weak Acids/Bases 131

10.4 The Relationship Between pH and pOH: Self-dissociation of Water 134

10.5 Common Ion Effect 135

10.6 Acidic and Basic Salts 136

10.7 Buffers 138

10.8 Acid-Base Titrations 140

10.8.1 Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base 141

10.8.2 Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base 143

10.8.3 Acid-Base Indicators 145

Further Reading 146

11 Thermodynamics: Energy, Energy Conversions, and Spontaneity 147

11.1 Energetics of Chemical Reactions 147

11.2 Thermochemistry 147

11.2.1 Definition of Energy, Work, and Heat 147

11.2.2 Calorimetry: Measurement of Heat Flow 150

11.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 152

11.4 State Functions 153

11.5 Definition of Enthalpy 153

11.6 Hess' Law and Reaction Enthalpies 154

11.6.1 Enthalpy of Crystal Formation: Lattice Energy of MgO 156

11.7 Enthalpy of Phase Transitions 157

11.8 Entropy 158

11.8.1 Entropy and Probability 161

11.8.2 Entropy and Heat Flow 162

11.8.3 Entropy as an Indicator of Energy Exhaustion 163

11.9 Free Enthalpy 164

11.10 Free Enthalpy and Equilibrium 165

Further Reading 168

12 Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions and Electrochemistry 169

12.1 Oxidation State and Oxidation Numbers: Balancing Redox Equations 170

12.2 Galvanic Cells, Electric Work, and Electromotive Force 173

12.3 Batteries 177

12.3.1 Alkaline Dry Cell (AA Battery) 177

12.3.2 Lead-Acid Battery 178

12.3.3 Lithium-ion Battery 180

12.4 Relationship Between Cell Potential and Free Enthalpy 181

12.5 Concentration and Temperature Dependence of EMF 181

Further Reading 183

13 Chemical Kinetics: Rates of Reactions and Reaction Mechanisms 185

13.1 Scope of Kinetics Discussion 185

13.2 Elementary Steps and Chemical Reactions 185

13.2.1 Kinetic Model of Chemical Reactions 185

13.2.2 Basics of Chemical Kinetics: Rate Law and Rate Constant 187

13.2.3 Time Dependence of the Reaction Rate 188

13.2.4 Integrated Rate Law 189

13.3 Rates of Multistep Reactions, and Equilibria 191

13.4 Reaction Rates for Reactions That Are Nonlinear in Concentrations 194

13.5 Reaction Path and Catalysis 195

Further Reading 198

14 Nuclear Reactions 199

14.1 Nuclear Reactions and Transmutations 199

14.2 The Structure of Atomic Nuclei 199

14.3 Radioactive Decay and Decay Chains 200

14.3.1 ?-Decay 200

14.3.2 ?-Decay 200

14.3.3 ?-Emission (?-Decay) 201

14.3.4 Positron Emission 202

14.3.5 Nuclear Decay Chains 202

14.3.6 Nuclear Dating 203

14.4 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 204

14.4.1 Nuclear Binding Energy 205

14.4.2 Nuclear Fusion 205

14.4.3 Nuclear Fission 206

Further Reading 207

15 Fundamentals of Quantum Chemistry, Spectroscopy, and Structural Chemistry 209

15.1 Wavefunctions and the 1D and 2D Particle in a Box 209

15.2 Spherical Harmonics, Hydrogen Atom Wavefunctions, and Hydrogen Atomic Orbitals 213

15.3 Atomic Energy Levels and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 217

15.4 Molecular Energy Levels, Spectroscopy, and Structural Methods 219

15.4.1 Electronic Energy Levels and UV-vis Absorption Spectroscopy 219

15.4.2 Vibrational Energy Levels and Infrared Spectroscopy 221

15.4.3 Rotational Energy Levels and Microwave Spectroscopy 225

15.4.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 226

15.4.5 X-ray Diffraction 228

15.5 Mass Spectrometry 230

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