The Eyes - Peate, Ian

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Résumé :

Preface ix

Acknowledgements xi

1 Anatomy and Physiology: The Eyes 1

The Sense of Sight 1

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye 4

Conjunctiva 6

Lacrimal Apparatus 7

The Eye 8

Organisation of the Retina 10

Colour Vision and Retinal Structure 10

Eye Chambers 12

Focusing Images on the Retina 12

Refraction 12

Focal Length 13

Myopia, Hyperopia and Presbyopia 14

Processing of Visual Information 15

Central Processing of Visual Information 15

Conclusion 16

Glossary of Terms 16

Multiple Choice Questions 17

References 19

2 Assessment of the Eyes 20

Importance of Vision Assessment 20

The Assessment 21

Patient History in Ophthalmic Assessment 24

Documentation of Findings 24

Testing Visual Function 27

LogMAR Vision Testing 29

Tumbling 'E', 'E' Test 29

Colour Vision Assessment 30

Diagnostic Tests 31

Conclusion 33

Glossary of Terms 34

Multiple Choice Questions 35

References 36

3 Glaucoma 37

Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Primary Open-angle Glaucoma 37

Epidemiology 39

Risk Factors 41

Clinical Presentation 42

Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 43

Management 44

Health Teaching 47

Conclusion 49

Glossary of Terms 50

Multiple Choice Questions 51

References 52

4 Cataract 54

Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Cataract 56

Epidemiology 58

Risk Factors 59

Clinical Presentation 59

Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 61

Management 64

Surgical Management 65

Cataract Surgery Procedure 65

Types of Intra-optical Lenses 66

Postoperative Care 66

Health Teaching 66

Conclusion 69

Glossary of Terms 70

Multiple Choice Questions 71

References 72

5 Conjunctivitis 73

Pink Eye 73

Viral Conjunctivitis 73

Bacterial Conjunctivitis 73

Allergic Conjunctivitis 73

Chemical Conjunctivitis 73

Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis 74

Neonatal Conjunctivitis 74

Non-infectious Conjunctivitis 74

Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Conjunctivitis 74

Conjunctival Anatomy and Function 75

Types of Conjunctivitis and Specific Pathophysiological Mechanisms 76

Protective Mechanisms and Self-limiting Nature 77

Epidemiology 78

Ophthalmia Neonatorum 78

Risk Factors 79

General Risks Across All Types 80

Populations at Higher Risk 80

Clinical Presentation 81

Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 83

Management 87

Bacterial Conjunctivitis 87

Viral Conjunctivitis 88

Allergic Conjunctivitis 88

Chemical Conjunctivitis 88

Further Considerations 89

Health Teaching 89

Conclusion 90

Glossary of Terms 91

Multiple Choice Questions 92

References 93

6 Age-related Macular Degeneration 94

Macular Degeneration 94

Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Age-related Macular Degeneration 95

Dry (Non-exudative or Atrophic) 95

Wet (Neovascular or Exudative) Age-related Macular Degeneration 97

Epidemiology 99

Risk Factors 99

Clinical Presentation 100

Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (Atrophic) 101

Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration (Neovascular or Exudative) 101

General Symptoms of Age-related Macular Degeneration 102

Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 103

Initial Consultation 103

Symptom Inquiry 104