Measuring the Electric Grid - Artis Riepnieks

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Résumé :

About the Authors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xxi

1 Measurement: A New View 1
1.1 The Importance of Measurement 1
1.2 Power Factor and the AIEE-NELA Committee 4
1.3 The Joint Committee Failure 6
1.4 Three Kinds of Metrology 9
1.5 Legal Metrology 9
1.6 Scientific Metrology 13
1.7 Commercial Metrology 15
1.8 A New View Needed 16
1.9 Philosophy 17
1.10 The Conceptual and the Physical 18
1.11 Conceptual and Physical-More History 20
1.12 The Magical Role of the A/D Converter 23
1.13 A Perspective of This Book 24
1.14 Chapter Summary: History 24
1.15 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 25

2 Measurement: An Overview 27
2.1 Review 27
2.2 What Is Measurement? 28
2.3 The Real Number Line 31
2.4 Measurement Scales 33
2.5 Cauchy's Equation 34
2.6 Concatenation 37
2.7 Measurement Schemas 39
2.8 Sampling 42
2.9 Measuring 45
2.10 Reporting 45
2.11 Chapter Summary: History 47
2.12 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 47

3 Representational Measurements 55
3.1 Review 55
3.2 Directly Observable Quantities 56
3.3 The Measurement Model 57
3.4 Constraints on the Model: The GUM Revisited 58
3.5 Examples of Representational Measurement 60
3.6 Definitional Uncertainty 61
3.7 Concept Development and Appeal to Experiment 67
3.8 Chapter Summary: History 71
3.9 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 71

4 Operational Measurements 73
4.1 Review 73
4.2 You Can't Model Everything 74
4.3 The Operational Alternative 75
4.4 Human Experience 77
4.5 List of Operational Measurements 79
4.6 Hybrid Operational Measurements 81
4.7 Hybrid Measures: Summary 90
4.8 Value of the Hybrid Measure 90
4.9 Operational Power System Measurements 91
4.10 Representational and Operational Compared 93
4.11 Relationship to the Three Kinds of Metrology 98
4.12 Chapter Summary: History 99
4.13 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 100

5 Power Theories 113
5.1 Review 113
5.2 Chapter Organization 114
5.3 Introduction: Not Believing What We See 115
5.4 Reactive Power 116
5.5 NEMA Technical Report C12.24 118
5.6 What is a Power Theory? 123
5.7 Power Theories 126
5.8 Czarnecki's Paradox Dooms Power Theories 128
5.9 Reactive Power: Last Words-Not Quite Last Rites 131
5.10 Apparent Power: Voisine's Paradox 132
5.11 Power Measurement 136
5.12 Kitzig's Power Paradox 139
5.13 Chapter Summary: History 144
5.14 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 145

6 Degrees of Freedom 167
6.1 Review 167
6.2 Signal Complexity 170
6.3 Symmetrical Components 174
6.4 Physical Meaning 176
6.5 Do Negative-Sequence Currents Exist? 179
6.6 Harmonic Effects and Phase-Sequence Components 181
6.7 Example of Fourier-Fortescue 183
6.8 Voltage and Current Harmonic Analysis 183
6.9 Current Phase-Sequence Analysis 183
6.10 Power and Reactive Calculations 185
6.11 Are Harmonic Phase-Sequence Values Useful? 187
6.12 Chapter Summary: History 187
6.13 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 188

7 Frequency191
7.1 Background 191
7.2 Chapter Overview 197
7.3 Challenges of a Changing Frequency 197
7.4 Carson, Frequency Modulation 199
7.5 Van der Pol, Frequency Modulation 201
7.6 Rutman, Barnes, Frequency Stability 201
7.7 Cohen, Boashash, Time/Frequency Distribution 203
7.8 Summary So Far 204
7.9 Frequency Measurement Must Be (At Least Partly) Operational 205
7.10 Measuring in Distorted Conditions: Operationalism 207
7.11 Phase Locking, Alternate Methods 210
7.12 FNET 211
7.13 Chapter Summary:...

Biographie:

About the Authors xiii

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xxi

1 Measurement: A New View 1

1.1 The Importance of Measurement 1

1.2 Power Factor and the AIEE-NELA Committee 4

1.3 The Joint Committee Failure 6

1.4 Three Kinds of Metrology 9

1.5 Legal Metrology 9

1.6 Scientific Metrology 13

1.7 Commercial Metrology 15

1.8 A New View Needed 16

1.9 Philosophy 17

1.10 The Conceptual and the Physical 18

1.11 Conceptual and Physical-More History 20

1.12 The Magical Role of the A/D Converter 23

1.13 A Perspective of This Book 24

1.14 Chapter Summary: History 24

1.15 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 25

References 25

2 Measurement: An Overview 27

2.1 Review 27

2.2 What Is Measurement? 28

2.3 The Real Number Line 31

2.4 Measurement Scales 33

2.5 Cauchy's Equation 34

2.6 Concatenation 37

2.7 Measurement Schemas 39

2.8 Sampling 42

2.9 Measuring 45

2.10 Reporting 45

2.11 Chapter Summary: History 47

2.12 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 47

2A Some Terms Used in the Field of Measurement 48

2A.1 Signal 50

2A.2 Reference 51

2A.3 Remarks on Clarity ofWriting 52

References 53

3 Representational Measurements 55

3.1 Review 55

3.2 Directly Observable Quantities 56

3.3 The Measurement Model 57

3.4 Constraints on the Model: The GUM Revisited 58

3.5 Examples of Representational Measurement 60

3.6 Definitional Uncertainty 61

3.7 Concept Development and Appeal to Experiment 67

3.8 Chapter Summary: History 71

3.9 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 71

References 72

4 Operational Measurements 73

4.1 Review 73

4.2 You Can't Model Everything 74

4.3 The Operational Alternative 75

4.4 Human Experience 77

4.5 List of Operational Measurements 79

4.6 Hybrid Operational Measurements 81

4.7 Hybrid Measures: Summary 90

4.8 Value of the Hybrid Measure 90

4.9 Operational Power System Measurements 91

4.10 Representational and Operational Compared 93

4.11 Relationship to the Three Kinds of Metrology 98

4.12 Chapter Summary: History 99

4A Impulse Measurements 100

4.13 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 100

4A.1 Radio Influence Measurement 102

4A.2 Partial Discharge Measurement 107

References 110

5 Power Theories 113

5.1 Review 113

5.2 Chapter Organization 114

5.3 Introduction: Not Believing WhatWe See 115

5.4 Reactive Power 116

5.5 NEMA Technical Report C12.24 118

5.6 What is a Power Theory? 123

5.7 Power Theories 126

5.8 Czarnecki's Paradox Dooms Power Theories 128

5.9 Reactive Power: LastWords-Not Quite Last Rites 131

5.10 Apparent Power: Voisine's Paradox 132

5.11 Power Measurement 136

5.12 Kitzig's Power Paradox 139

5.13 Chapter Summary: History 144

5.14 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 145

5A Budeanu's Power Theory 146