The Edge of Sentience - Jonathan Birch

. .

Résumé :
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read on the Oxford Academic platform and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Can octopuses feel pain and pleasure? What about crabs, shrimps, insects or spiders? How do we tell whether a person unresponsive after severe brain injury might be suffering? When does a fetus in the womb start to have conscious experiences? Could there even be rudimentary feelings in miniature models of the human brain, grown from human stem cells? And what about AI? These are questions about the edge of sentience, and they are subject to enormous, disorienting uncertainty. We desperately want certainty, but it is out of reach. The stakes are immense, and neglecting the risks can have terrible costs. We need to err on the side of caution, yet it's often far from clear what 'erring on the side of caution' should mean in practice. When are we going too far? When are we not doing enough? The Edge of Sentience presents a comprehensive precautionary framework designed to help us reach ethically sound, evidence-based decisions despite our uncertainty. The book is packed with specific, detailed proposals intended to generate discussion and debate. At no point, however, does it offer any magic tricks to make our uncertainty go away. Uncertainty is with us for the long term. We must manage our uncertainty by taking precautions that are proportionate to the risks. It's time to start debating what those steps should be....

Biographie:
Jonathan Birch is a Professor of Philosophy at the LSE and Principal Investigator on the 'Foundations of Animal Sentience' project, a European Union-funded project aiming to develop better methods for studying the feelings of animals and new ways of using the science of animal minds to improve animal welfare policies and laws. In 2021, he led a review for the UK government that shaped the Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022. In 2022-23, he was part of a working group that investigated the question of sentience in AI....

Sommaire:

• Summary of the framework and proposals
• 1: A walk along the edge
• 2: The concept of sentience
• PART I: The Zone of Reasonable Disagreement
• 3: The mind-body problem
• 4: Ethics and religion
• 5: The science of consciousness and emotion
• PART II: A Precautionary Framework
• 6: Converging on precautions
• 7: Involving the public
• 8: Debating proportionality
• PART III: Sentience and the Human Brain
• 9: People with disorders of consciousness
• 10: Foetuses and embryos
• 11: Neural organoids
• PART IV: Sentience in Other Animals
• 12: The clearest candidates
• 13: Pushing the boundaries
• 14: Frontiers of proportionality
• PART V: Preparing for Artificial Sentience
• 15: Against complacency
• 16: Large language models and the gaming problem
• 17: The run-ahead principle
• Stepping back