Modern Power System - Ghosh, Arindam

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Résumé :

Comprehensive reference exploring fundamentals of power systems analysis and operation through a unique blend of traditional and modern concepts

Modern Power System explains the fundamentals of power systems analysis and operation, the latest developments with regard to transformation of energy sources from the conventional synchronous generators to the inverter-based sources, and the techniques and hardware used for this purpose. The book includes information on traditional power system concepts such as load flow, fault studies, protection, and stability as well as modern concepts including reactive power control, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), HVDC transmission, renewable energy, and smart grids.

Readers will find insights on topics such as phasor measurement unit (PMUs), wide-area measurements and control, and SCADA systems as well as distribution side aspects such as smart meters, demand management, and energy trading. Readers will also learn about point-to-point HVDC transmission using line commutated converters and multiterminal HVDC transmission.

Additional topics discussed include:

• Power system components such as transmission line parameters, transformer models, per-unit representation, and modeling of transmission lines
• Economic operation of power plants and systems, with information on unit commitment and automatic generation control
• Power system protection through instrument transformers, protective relays, and overcurrent relay coordination
• Reactive power compensation, covering voltage stability and ideal reactive compensation
• Water, solar, wind, hydrogen, and nuclear fusion as alternative energy sources

Modern Power System is an excellent textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering with a power engineering specialization, as well as practicing power system engineers seeking to keep up with the latest developments in the field....

Biographie:

About the Author xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xxiii

About the Companion Website xxv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 A Brief History of Electricity 1

1.1.1 The Dawn of Electricity 3

1.1.2 Development of Electrical Power Plant 4

1.2 Interconnection of Electricity Grids 9

1.3 Deregulation 10

1.4 Renewable Energy 13

1.5 Blackouts 15

1.5.1 Power System Oscillations 16

1.6 Smart Grid 18

1.7 Phasor Analysis 20

1.8 Concluding Remarks 21

References 21

2 Power System Components 23

2.1 Transmission Line Parameters 25

2.1.1 Line Resistance 25

2.1.2 Line Inductance 27

2.1.3 Line Charging Capacitance 31

2.2 Synchronous Machine Model 33

2.3 Transformer Model 35

2.4 Per Unit Representation 36

2.5 Modeling Transmission Lines 42

2.5.1 ABCD Parameters 43

2.5.2 Voltage Regulation 44

2.5.3 Short Line Approximation 45

2.5.4 Medium Line ? Approximation 45

2.5.5 Medium Line T Approximation 46

2.5.6 Long Line Model 49

2.5.7 Equivalent-? Representation of a Long Line 53

2.5.8 Some Issues with Transmission Lines 55

2.6 Lossless Transmission Lines 56

2.6.1 Traveling Waves 58

2.6.2 Traveling Wave in Single-Phase, Two-Wire Line 60

2.7 Concluding Remarks 64

References 64

Problems 65

3 Power Flow Studies 69

3.1 Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix 70

3.1.1 Without Line Charging Capacitors 70

3.1.2 With Line Charging Capacitors 73

3.2 Load Flow Preliminaries 74

3.2.1 Classification of Buses 76

3.2.2 Data Preparation 77

3.3 Load Flow Methods 79

3.3.1 Gauss-Seidel Load Flow Method 80

3.3.2 Basics of Newton-Raphson Iterative Procedure 83

3.3.3 Newton-Raphson Load Flow Method 85

3.3.4 Fast Decoupled Load Flow 91

3.3.5 Line Flows 96

3.3.6 dc Load Flow 98

3.4 State Estimation 100

3.4.1 Principles of Estimation 100

3.4.2 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation 101

3.4.3 dc State Estimation 104

3.4.4 AC State Estimation 106

3.4.5 Bad Data Detection 110

3.5 SCADA and EMS 114

3.6 Concluding Remarks 115

References 116

Problems 117

4 Economic Operation of Power System 125

4.1 Economic Operation of a Power Plant 126

4.1.1 Economic Distribution of Loads Between Two Units of a Plant 126

4.1.2 Economic Distribution of Loads Between Multiple Units of a Plant 130

4.1.3 Consideration of Generator Limits 133

4.2 Economic Operation of a Power System 136

4.3 Unit Commitment 141

4.3.1 Spinning Reserve 145

4.3.2 Thermal Limit Constraints 145

4.3.3 Solution Methods for Unit Commitment Problem 146

4.4 Automatic Generation Control 148

4.4.1 Load Frequency Control (LFC) 153

4.4.2 Coordination Between LFC and Economic Operation 155

4.5 Concluding Remarks 156

References 157

Problems 157

5 Power System Fault Analysis 161

5.1 Transients in an RL Circuit 162

5.1.1 dc Source 162

5.1.2 AC Source 164

5.1.3 Fault in an AC Circuit 165

5.2 Short Circuit in an Unloaded Synchronous Generator 167

5.3 Symmetrical Fault in a Power System 170

5.3.1 Calculation of Fault Current Using Impedance Diagram 170

5.3.2 Calculation of Fault Current Using Bus Impedance Matrix 173

5.4 Symmetrical Components 175

5.4.1 Symmetrical Component Transformation 176

5.4.2 Real and Reactive Power 179

5.5 Sequence Circuits and Networks 180

5.5.1 Sequence Circuit for a Y-Con...

Sommaire:

About the Author xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xxiii

About the Companion Website xxv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 A Brief History of Electricity 1

1.1.1 The Dawn of Electricity 3

1.1.2 Development of Electrical Power Plant 4

1.2 Interconnection of Electricity Grids 9

1.3 Deregulation 10

1.4 Renewable Energy 13

1.5 Blackouts 15

1.5.1 Power System Oscillations 16

1.6 Smart Grid 18

1.7 Phasor Analysis 20

1.8 Concluding Remarks 21

References 21

2 Power System Components 23

2.1 Transmission Line Parameters 25

2.1.1 Line Resistance 25

2.1.2 Line Inductance 27

2.1.3 Line Charging Capacitance 31

2.2 Synchronous Machine Model 33

2.3 Transformer Model 35

2.4 Per Unit Representation 36

2.5 Modeling Transmission Lines 42

2.5.1 ABCD Parameters 43

2.5.2 Voltage Regulation 44

2.5.3 Short Line Approximation 45

2.5.4 Medium Line ? Approximation 45

2.5.5 Medium Line T Approximation 46

2.5.6 Long Line Model 49

2.5.7 Equivalent-? Representation of a Long Line 53

2.5.8 Some Issues with Transmission Lines 55

2.6 Lossless Transmission Lines 56

2.6.1 Traveling Waves 58

2.6.2 Traveling Wave in Single-Phase, Two-Wire Line 60

2.7 Concluding Remarks 64

References 64

Problems 65

3 Power Flow Studies 69

3.1 Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix 70

3.1.1 Without Line Charging Capacitors 70

3.1.2 With Line Charging Capacitors 73

3.2 Load Flow Preliminaries 74

3.2.1 Classification of Buses 76

3.2.2 Data Preparation 77

3.3 Load Flow Methods 79

3.3.1 Gauss-Seidel Load Flow Method 80

3.3.2 Basics of Newton-Raphson Iterative Procedure 83

3.3.3 Newton-Raphson Load Flow Method 85

3.3.4 Fast Decoupled Load Flow 91

3.3.5 Line Flows 96

3.3.6 dc Load Flow 98

3.4 State Estimation 100

3.4.1 Principles of Estimation 100

3.4.2 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation 101

3.4.3 DC State Estimation 104

3.4.4 AC State Estimation 106

3.4.5 Bad Data Detection 110

3.5 SCADA and EMS 114

3.6 Concluding Remarks 115

References 116

Problems 117

4 Economic Operation of Power System 125

4.1 Economic Operation of a Power Plant 126

4.1.1 Economic Distribution of Loads Between Two Units of a Plant 126

4.1.2 Economic Distribution of Loads Between Multiple Units of a Plant 130

4.1.3 Consideration of Generator Limits 133

4.2 Economic Operation of a Power System 136

4.3 Unit Commitment 141

4.3.1 Spinning Reserve 145

4.3.2 Thermal Limit Constraints 145

4.3.3 Solution Methods for Unit Commitment Problem 146

4.4 Automatic Generation Control 148

4.4.1 Load Frequency Control (LFC) 153

4.4.2 Coordination Between LFC and Economic Operation 155

4.5 Concluding Remarks 156

References 157

Problems 157

5 Power System Fault Analysis 161

5.1 Transients in an RL Circuit 162

5.1.1 DC Source 162

5.1.2 AC Source 164

5.1.3 Fault in an AC Circuit 165

5.2 Short Circuit in an Unloaded Synchronous Generator 167

5.3 Symmetrical Fault in a Power System 170

5.3.1 Calculation of Fault Current Using Impedance Diagram 170

5.3.2 Calculation of Fault Current Using Bus Impedance Matrix 173

5.4 Symmetrical Components 175

5.4.1 Symmetrical Component Transformation 176

5.4.2 Real and Reactive Power 179

5.5 Sequence Circuits and Networks 180

5.5.1 Sequence Circuit for a Y-Con...