Hydraulics and Pneumatics in Environmental Engineering - Graber, S David

. .

Résumé :

About the Author xv

Preface xvi

Acknowledgments xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Role of Hydraulics and Pneumatics in Environmental Engineering Design 1

1.2 Scope, Organization, and Approach 2

1.3 Fluid Flow Phenomena 3

1.4 Definitions and Classifications of Flows 5

1.5 Viscosity 6

1.6 Dimensional Units and Notation 8

2 Mass, Momentum, and Energy 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Closed Systems and Control Volumes 9

2.3 Conservation of Mass 10

2.4 Linear Momentum 15

2.5 Moment of Momentum 17

2.6 Conservation of Energy 19

2.7 Differential Equations for Pipe and Channel Flows 27

3 Navier-Stokes, Dissipation Function, and G-Value 33

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Navier-Stokes Equations 33

3.3 Dissipation Function 37

3.4 Critical Review of G-Value Theory 39

4 Analytical Solutions of the Navier-Stokes and Related Equations 41

4.1 Introduction 41

4.2 Potential Flow, Zero Slip, Boundary Layers, and Prandtl's Synthesis 41

4.3 Potential Flow Solutions 47

4.4 Laminar Flow Solutions 50

4.5 Creeping Flow 56

4.6 Flow through Porous Media 58

4.7 Turbulence, Separation, and Secondary Currents 59

5 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 63

5.1 Introduction 63

5.2 Fundamentals 63

5.3 Reduction of Experimental Data 64

5.4 Generalized Numerical Solution of Differential Equations 67

6 Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits 83

6.1 Introduction 83

6.2 Steady Flow in Pressure Conduits 83

6.3 Simple Changes in Cross Section 87

6.4 Branching Flows 92

6.5 Valves and Other Appurtenances 98

6.6 Pipe Networks 116

6.7 Time-Varying Flow 120

7 Flow in Open Channels 137

7.1 Introduction 137

7.2 Critical Flow Conditions 137

7.3 Uniform-Flow Conditions 158

7.4 Subcritical Flow 161

7.5 Supercritical Flow 166

7.6 Sewer Transitions, Junctions, and Drops 180

7.7 Culverts and Related Outlet Structures 183

7.8 Outfall Structures and Scour Protection 190

7.9 Time-Varying Flow 205

8 Pumping, Equalization, and Waterhammer 207

8.1 Introduction 207

8.2 Centrifugal Pumps 207

8.3 Positive-Displacement Pumps 215

8.4 Miscellaneous Types of Pumps 217

8.5 Equalization 218

8.6 Waterhammer 222

8.7 Wet Wells 256

8.8 Stormwater Pumping Station Design 257

9 Compressible Fluid Flow 265

9.1 Introduction 265

9.2 Gas Properties 265

9.3 Constant Flow in Pipes 277

9.4 Flow Meters: Venturi Tubes, Flow Nozzles, Orifices 288

9.5 Blowers and Compressors 298

10 Concepts of Spatially Varied Flow 307

10.1 Introduction 307

10.2 Background 307

10.3 Spatially Varied Free-Surface Flows 308

10.4 Relation Between Momentum and Energy Formulations 312

10.5 Difference Formulation 314

10.6 Spillway Flow 315

10.7 Recapitulation 317

11 Distribution Conduits 319

11.1 Introduction 319

11.2 Distribution Principle 319

11.3 Spatially Decreasing Flows in Distribution Conduits 327

11.4 Slope Invariance for Pressure Conduits 338

11.5 K?rm?n Vortex Street 341

12 Collection Conduits 347

12.1 Introduction 347

12.2 Rectangular Channels 348

12.3 Nonrectangular Channels with Constant Top Width 353

12.4 Prismatic Channels with Varying Top Width 354

12.5 Conduits with Spatially-Increasing Flow 362

12.6 Numerical Solutions 370

12.7 Street Gutters ...