Concise Guide to Critical Thinking - Vaughn, Lewis

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Résumé :
Lewis Vaughn's?Concise Guide to Critical Thinking, third Edition,?offers a clear and compact introduction to critical thinking and argumentative writing. Based on his best-selling text,?The Power of Critical Thinking, this affordable volume strikes a unique balance for instructors. While it is more succinct than the leading comprehensive texts, it covers more key content, and does so more effectively, than any of the briefer critical thinking handbooks....

Biographie:
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Sommaire:

• Preface


• CHAPTER 1 Critical Thinking, Facts, and Feelings


• WHY IT MATTERS


• Critical Thinking Skills Test


• CLAIMS AND REASONS


• REASONS AND ARGUMENTS


• ARGUMENTS IN THE ROUGH


• Key Words


• Exercises


• Self-Assessment Quiz


• Writing Assignments


• CHAPTER 2 Obstacles to Critical Thinking


• PSYCHOLOGICAL OBSTACLES


• Is It Wrong to Believe without Good Reasons?


• Self-Centered Thinking


• Group-Centered Thinking


• Implicit Bias


• Resisting Contrary Evidence


• Left-Wing Right-Wing Bias


• Looking for Confirming Evidence


• Preferring Available Evidence


• Motivated Reasoning


• Homophily


• Mere Exposure Effect


• Illusion-of-Truth Effect


• False Consensus Effect


• THE DUNNING-KRUGER EFFECT


• The Internet versus Critical Thinking


• PHILOSOPHICAL OBSTACLES


• Subjective Relativism


• Social Relativism


• Skepticism


• Key Words


• Exercises


• Self-Assessment Quiz


• Writing Assignments


• CHAPTER 3 Identifying and Evaluating Arguments


• ARGUMENT BASICS


• No Arguments, Just Fluff


• JUDGING ARGUMENTS


• UNCOVERING IMPLIED PREMISES


• The Smart Way to Argue Online


• ASSESSING LONG ARGUMENTS


• Key Words


• Exercises


• Self-Assessment Quiz


• Writing Assignments


• CHAPTER 4 Deductive Argument Patterns


• COMMON FORMS


• Modus Ponens


• Modus Tollens


• Hypothetical Syllogism


• Disjunctive Syllogism


• Invalid Argument Forms


• Valid and Invalid Argument Forms


• REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM


• Key Words


• Exercises


• Self-Assessment Quiz


• Writing Assignments


• CHAPTER 5 Inductive Arguments and Statistics


• ENUMERATIVE INDUCTION


• Sample Size


• Representativeness


• Mean, Median, and Mode


• OPINION POLLS


• How Survey Questions Go Wrong


• ANALOGICAL INDUCTION


• Relevant Similarities


• Relevant Dissimilarities


• The Number of Instances Compared


• Diversity Among Cases


• Key Words


• Exercises


• Self-Assessment Quiz


• Writing Assignments


• CHAPTER 6 Evidence and Experts


• EXPERTS AND NONEXPERTS


• Fact and Opinion


• JUDGING EXPERTS


• Hierarchy of Reliability


• EXPERTS AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCE


• I Just Know!


• Impairment


• Expectation


• Eyewitness Testimony and Wrongful Convictions


• INNUMERACY AND PROBABILITY


• Key Words


• Exercises


• Self-Assessment Quiz


• Writing Assignments


• CHAPTER 7 Fake News


• TAXONOMY OF MISINFORMATION


• A Fake News Masterpiece


• TELLING FAKE FROM REAL


• Read Laterally


• The Ethics of Sharing Fake News


• Read Critically


• Use Google and Wikipedia Carefully


• Check Your Own Biases


• Trustworthy Fact-Checkers


• FAKE IMAGES


• Key Words


• Exercises


• Self-Assessment Quiz


• Writing Assignments


• CHAPTER 8 Advertising: Commercial and Political


• HOW ADVERTISING WORKS


• INTERNET ADVERTISI...