Hydrometeorology - Christopher G. Collier

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Auteur(s) : Christopher G. Collier

Editeur : Wiley-Blackwell

Langue : Anglais

Parution : 30/06/2016

Format : Moyen, de 350g à 1kg

Nombre de pages : 388

Expédition : 849

Dimensions : 25.0 x 17.5 x 2.5

ISBN : 1118414985

Résumé :

Hydrometeorology presents an introduction to relevant topics in the interdisciplinary fields of hydrology and meteorology. This book is one of the few books aiming to provide a balance between aspects of meteorological and hydrological processes. The transfer of energy and water between the land surface and lower atmosphere within the hydrological cycle is addressed followed by a description of the nature of precipitation, and how it is formed. Forecasting precipitation is reviewed on all scales, and the range of rainfall-runoff models and coastal surge models and forecasts (including tsunamis) which have been, and are being, used are discussed.

The mechanisms of snow, ice (glacier, sea and tundra), evaporation and transpiration, how drought occurs and the representation of wind are described. How rainfall (including radar measurements) and river flow information is gathered and analysed (including, frequency analysis, Probable Maximum Precipitation and Flood) are presented. Satellite measurements of precipitation are discussed. Examples of major past floods and droughts are given.

Past and future climate change, which is included, underpins the importance of hydro-meteorological processes. The structure of the general circulation of the atmosphere and how it influences weather and climate including the Hadley, Ferrel and Polar cells, the Trade winds and the El Nino, is outlined. Finally, the influence of urban areas on rainfall formation, dealing with urban drainage and air quality are described.

Each chapter ends with one or two specific points as appendices, elements discussed in the chapter and a list of sample problems to aid understanding.

Readership: This book is aimed at 3rd year undergraduate and postgraduate students on hydrology/hydrometeorology, environmental science and geography courses. Professionals in environmental protection agencies and consultancies will also find the book of great interest. It contains a balance of both the physics and mathematics which underpin such courses and activities.

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Biographie:

Christopher G. Collier received a BSc in Physics and ARCS in Science at Imperial College, London in 1968. Subsequently he received a PhD (1999) and a DSc (2008) from the University of Salford. He joined the Meteorological Office in 1968, and later chaired the European Union International Weather Radar Networking project, and served on numerous World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), BNSC, EUMETSAT, ESA and NERC committees. He is a Chartered Meteorologist of the Royal Meteorological Society, and was President of that Society 2004-2006 being elected an Honorary Fellow in 2012, and served on the committees of the British Hydrological Society. He is a member of the American Meteorological Society. He left the Met Office in 1995 becoming a Professor of Environmental Remote Sensing at the University of Salford, and joined the National Centre for Atmospheric Science based at the University of Leeds becoming Professor of Atmospheric Science and Head of Strategic Partnerships in 2009. He was awarded the First Vaisala Prize for radar measurements of precipitation in 1986.

Sommaire:

Series Foreword xiv

Preface xv

Acknowledgements xvii

About the Companion Website xviii

1 The Hydrological Cycle 1

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 Processes comprising the hydrological cycle 3

1.3 Global influences on the hydrological cycle 4

1.4 Water balance 6

1.5 Impact of aerosols on the hydrological cycle 6

1.6 Coupled models for the hydrological cycle 7

1.7 Global Energy and Water Cycle Exchanges Project (GEWEX) 8

1.8 Flooding 8

Summary of key points in this chapter 9

Problems 10

References 10

2 Precipitation 11

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Equation of state for a perfect gas 11

2.3 Hydrostatic pressure law 12

2.4 First law of thermodynamics 12

2.5 Atmospheric processes: dry adiabatic lapse rate 13

2.6 Water vapour in the atmosphere 15

2.7 Atmospheric processes: saturated adiabatic lapse rate 16

2.8 Stability and convection in the atmosphere 16

2.9 The growth of precipitation particles 18

2.10 Precipitation systems 21

2.10.1 Localized convection 22

2.10.2 Mesoscale precipitation systems 23

2.10.3 Mid?latitude depressions 26

2.10.4 Tropical storms 30

2.10.5 Orographic effects on precipitation distribution 31

2.10.6 Topographical effects on precipitation distribution 33

2.11 Global atmospheric circulation 33

Appendix 2.1 Growth of a raindrop 33

Summary of key points in this chapter 35

Problems 36

References 37

3 Evaporation and Transpiration 41

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 Modelling potential evaporation based upon observations 41

3.3 Aerodynamic approach 42

3.4 Energy balance 44

3.5 The Penman equation 44

3.6 Sensible and water vapour fluxes 45

3.7 Evaporation of water from wet vegetation surfaces: the interception process 47

3.8 Measuring evaporation and transpiration 47

3.9 Water circulation in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum 48

3.10 Water circulation and transpiration 50

3.11 Water flux in plants 50

3.12 Modelling land surface temperatures and fluxes 51

3.13 Soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer schemes 54

3.14 Estimation of large scale evapotranspiration and total water storage in a river basin 56

Appendix 3.1 Combination of aerodynamic and energy balance methods of computing lake evaporation 57

Appendix 3.2 Modelling soil moisture wetness 57

Summary of key points in this chapter 58

Problems 59

References 60

4 Snow and Ice 63

4.1 Introduction 63

4.2 Basic processes 63

4.2.1 Formation of snow 63

4.2.2 Formation of snow cover and its effects on the atmosphere 65

4.2.3 Formation of ice 67

4.3 Characteristics of snow cover 68

4.4 Glaciers 70

4.5 Sea ice 71

4.6 Permafrost 71

4.7 The physics of melting and water movement through snow 71

4.8 Water equivalent of snow 74

4.9 Modelling snowmelt and stream flow 76

4.10 Snow avalanches 80

4.11 Worldwide distribution and extremes of snow cover 81

Appendix 4.1 Estimates of catchment snowmelt inflow rates 83

Summary of key points in this chapter 84

Problems 86

References 87

5 Measurements and Instrumentation 90

5.1 Measurement, resolution, precision and accuracy 90

5.2 Point measurements of precipitation 90

5.2.1 Raingauge types 90

5.2.2 Measuring snow and hail 92

5.2.3 Errors in measurement 94

5.3 Areal measurements of precipitation using raingauge networks 96

5.4 Radar measurements of rainfal...