Understanding Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems - Luiz Cera Zanetta

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Résumé :

About the Author xvii

Preface xix

1 Transients in Elementary Circuits and the Laplace Transform 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Laplace Transform 2

1.3 The Convolution Integral 7

1.4 RL Circuit 8

1.5 Series RLC Circuit 15

1.6 Resonance at the Nominal Frequency 27

1.7 Analysis of Simple Networks with More Than One Loop 28

2 Traveling Waves in Single-Phase Lines 35

2.1 Introduction 35

2.2 Basic Equations 38

2.3 Voltage and Current Relations and Surge Impedance of a Lossless Transmission Line 44

2.4 Traveling Waves in Discontinuities - Reflected and Refracted Waves 45

2.5 Nonlinear Elements 58

2.6 Lattice Diagram 63

2.7 Sine Voltage Waves 66

3 Traveling Waves in Multiphase Lines 69

3.1 Introduction 69

3.2 Elements of Matrix Algebra 70

3.3 Phase Domain 75

3.4 Modal Domain 84

4 Numerical Solution of Electromagnetic Transients 109

4.1 Introduction 109

4.2 Single-Phase Models 110

4.3 Transient Solution Using Nodal Analysis 120

4.4 Nonlinear Elements 128

4.5 Representation of Switches 138

4.6 Multiphase Models 139

4.7 Comments on Numerical Errors 147

5 Electrical Parameters Dependence on Frequency 153

5.1 Introduction 153

5.2 Elements for Mathematical Modeling 154

5.3 Modal Domain Approach 160

5.4 Frequency-Dependent Transformation Matrix 168

5.5 Model of the Transmission Line with the Nodal Admittance Matrix 171

5.6 Transmission Line Parameters 177

6 Elements of Power Electronics 185

6.1 Introduction 185

6.2 LCC - Line Commutated Converters 186

6.3 Thyristor Controlled Reactors and Switched Capacitors 198

6.4 Power Electronics - with VSC 202

6.5 VSC Elements 208

6.6 MMC - Modular Multilevel Converter 212

6.7 Converter Control 217

6.8 VSC Models 227

7 Phasor Domain Analysis and Temporary Overvoltages 235

7.1 Introduction 235

7.2 Line Energization and Load Rejection 235

7.3 Faults 251

7.4 Open Phases in Transmission Lines 257

7.5 Voltages Induced in Parallel Circuits 278

7.6.1 Introduction 290

7.7 Temporary Overvoltages with Transformers 301

8 Switching Surges 317

8.1 Introduction 317

8.2 General Considerations 318

8.3 Line Energization and Line Autoreclosure 320

8.4 Faults 342

8.5 Fault Clearing 346

8.6 Load Rejection 347

8.7 Transformer Energization 348

8.8 Controlled Switching 353

8.9 VFTO - Very Fast Transient Overvoltages 360

9 Lightning Surges 367

9.1 Introduction 367

9.2 Data to Calculate Lightning Surges 369

9.3 Models for Overvoltage Calculations 374

9.4 Transmission Line Analysis 382

9.5 Substations Studies 413

10 Transients in Systems with Shunt Capacitors 427

10.2 High-Frequency Current and Voltage Transients 427

10.3 Back-to-Back Shunt Capacitor 439

10.4 Three-Phase Circuits 456

10.5 High-Frequency Requirements for Substation Equipment 465

11 Transients in Systems with Series Capacitors 473

11.1 Introduction 473

11.2 Protection Schemes for Series Capacitor Banks 474

11.3 Protection Schemes Performance 477

11.4 Complementary Studies 490

12 Transient Recovery Voltage 495

12.1 Introduction 495

12.2 Transient Recovery Voltage 497

12.3 Calculation of the Transient Recovery Voltage 499

12.4 TRV in Single Phase Inductive Circuits 502

12.5 Calculation of the TRV in ...

Biographie:

Luiz Cera Zanetta, Jr., PhD, is a Senior Member of IEEE and a full professor at University of S?o Paulo. His numerous publications and R&D projects for utilities have played a key role in advancing and solidifying the area of electromagnetic transient analysis and equipment specifications for major power plant projects and long-distance interconnections in Brazil. His interests range from electromagnetic transients to Flexible AC Transmission Systems, including dynamic stability analysis, in research domains that are challenging for achieving consistency. Currently his primary interest is to contribute to the enhancement of engineering education....