Foundation Models for Natural Language Processing - Giesselbach, Sven

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Résumé :
This open access book provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in research and applications of Foundation Models and is intended for readers familiar with basic Natural Language Processing (NLP) concepts. Over the recent years, a revolutionary new paradigm has been developed for training models for NLP. These models are first pre-trained on large collections of text documents to acquire general syntactic knowledge and semantic information. Then, they are fine-tuned for specific tasks, which they can often solve with superhuman accuracy. When the models are large enough, they can be instructed by prompts to solve new tasks without any fine-tuning. Moreover, they can be applied to a wide range of different media and problem domains, ranging from image and video processing to robot control learning. Because they provide a blueprint for solving many tasks in artificial intelligence, they have been called Foundation Models. After a brief introduction to basic NLP models the main pre-trained language models BERT, GPT and sequence-to-sequence transformer are described, as well as the concepts of self-attention and context-sensitive embedding. Then, different approaches to improving these models are discussed, such as expanding the pre-training criteria, increasing the length of input texts, or including extra knowledge. An overview of the best-performing models for about twenty application areas is then presented, e.g., question answering, translation, story generation, dialog systems, generating images from text, etc. For each application area, the strengths and weaknesses of current models are discussed, and an outlook on further developments is given. In addition, links are provided to freely available program code. A concluding chapter summarizes the economic opportunities, mitigation of risks, and potential developments of AI.

Biographie:
Dr. Gerhard Paa? is a Lead Scientist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems (IAIS). With a background in Mathematics, he is a recognized expert in the field of Artificial Intelligence, particularly in the area of Natural Language Processing. Dr. Paa? has previously worked at UC Berkeley in California and the University of Technology in Brisbane. He has served as reviewer and conference chair at various international conferences, including NeurIPS, CIKM, ECML/PKDD, ICDM, and KDD, where he regularly is a member of the program committee. Dr. Paa? has received a best paper award on probabilistic logic and is the author of about 70 publications for international conferences and journals. Recently, he authored the book Artificial Intelligence: What's Behind the Technology of the Future? (in German). He is currently involved in the creation of a computer center for Foundation Models. Besides experimental research on Foundation Models, he holds lectures for Deep Learning and Natural Language Understanding at the University of Bonn and in industry.