Ulysses - Joyce, James

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Résumé :
Ulysses is a novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It was first serialized in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, and then published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach in February 1922, in Paris. It is considered to be one of the most important works of Modernist literature. Joyce divided Ulysses into 18 chapters or episodes. At first glance much of the book may appear unstructured and chaotic; Joyce once said that he had put in so many enigmas and puzzles that it will keep the professors busy for centuries arguing over what I meant, which would earn the novel immortality. The two schemata which Stuart Gilbert and Herbert Gorman released after publication to defend Joyce from the obscenity accusations made the links to the Odyssey clear, and also explained the work's internal structure. Every episode of Ulysses has a theme, technique, and correspondence between its characters and those of the Odyssey. The original text did not include these episode titles and the correspondences; instead, they originate from the Linati and Gilbert schema. Joyce referred to the episodes by their Homeric titles in his letters. He took the idiosyncratic rendering of some of the titles--'Nausikaa', the 'Telemachia'--from Victor B?rard's two-volume Les Ph?niciens et l'Odyss?e which he consulted in 1918 in the Zentralbibliothek Z?rich.

Biographie:
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was a Irish novelist, poet, and learned critic. James Joyce was born in Dublin, Ireland on 2 February 1882. He was the eldest son of John Stanislaus Joyce and Marry Murray Joyce. From the age of six, Joyce was educated by Jesuits at Clongowes Wood College, at Clane, and then at Belvedere College in Dublin (1893-97). In 1898, he admitted in the University College, Dublin. Joyce's first printing was an essay on Ibsen's play When We Dead Awaken. After graduation Joyce went to Paris, where he worked as a journalist, teacher and in other jobs under tough financial conditions. He left Dublin in 1904 with Nora Barnacle, a maidservant who he married in 1931. One of the most powerful and innovative writers of the 20th century, James Joyce was the author of the short story compilation Dubliners (1914) and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), Ulysses (1922), and Finnegans Wake (1939). His compilations of poetry include Chamber Music (1907) and Pomes Penyeach (1927). His landmark book, Ulysses, is often renowned as one of the finest novels ever written. His investigation of language and new literary forms showed not only his genius as a writer but generate a fresh approach for novelists. He expired at the age of 59 on 13 January 1941, at the Schwesternhause von Roten Kreuz Hospital.